An Investigation into the Role of Personality and Situation in the Maintenance of Subjective Experience in a Laboratory

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Smallwood ◽  
Marc Obonsawin ◽  
Derek Heim ◽  
Helga Reid
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Task Processing ◽  
Fluency Task

This study investigated the relationship between personality variables, task processing, and the self-report of subjective experience, including thought content, time perception, and awareness of task stimuli. In particular, this study was concerned with dis-entangling the role of environmental and dispositional influences on subjective experience. Thirty-eight participants were engaged in either a memory or a fluency task during which verbal reports of various aspects of subjective experience were recorded. Personality variables were measured using the Self-Consciousness Scale and the Thought Occurrence Questionnaire. The pattern of correlations between specific subjective aspects of attention and dispositional indices suggested that dispositional variables were important in determining subjective experience during the memory task, particularly in the encoding phase. In the fluency task, disposition made a smaller contribution to specific measures of attention, a finding consistent with a self-regulatory framework. Finally, the report of thoughts unrelated to the current situation were proportional to the number of false positives reported in the memory task, supporting the assertion that the quality of phenomenal experience is important in the process of source monitoring.

Self-processing in relation to emotion and reward processing in depression

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Catherine Hobbs ◽  
Jie Sui ◽  
David Kessler ◽  
Marcus R. Munafò ◽  
Katherine S. Button
Keyword(s):  
Learning Task ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Precise Relationship

Abstract Background Depression is characterised by a heightened self-focus, which is believed to be associated with differences in emotion and reward processing. However, the precise relationship between these cognitive domains is not well understood. We examined the role of self-reference in emotion and reward processing, separately and in combination, in relation to depression. Methods Adults experiencing varying levels of depression (n = 144) completed self-report depression measures (PHQ-9, BDI-II). We measured self, emotion and reward processing, separately and in combination, using three cognitive tasks. Results When self-processing was measured independently of emotion and reward, in a simple associative learning task, there was little association with depression. However, when self and emotion processing occurred in combination in a self-esteem go/no-go task, depression was associated with an increased positive other bias [b = 3.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24–5.79]. When the self was processed in relation to emotion and reward, in a social evaluation learning task, depression was associated with reduced positive self-biases (b = 0.11, 95% CI 0.05–0.17). Conclusions Depression was associated with enhanced positive implicit associations with others, and reduced positive learning about the self, culminating in reduced self-favouring biases. However, when self, emotion and reward processing occurred independently there was little evidence of an association with depression. Treatments targeting reduced positive self-biases may provide more sensitive targets for therapeutic intervention and potential biomarkers of treatment responses, allowing the development of more effective interventions.

scholarly journals Beliefs about voices in voice-hearers: the role of schema functioning

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 584-597
Author(s):  
Brittany Davenport ◽  
Mike Jackson ◽  
James A. Grange ◽  
Michelle Rydon-Grange
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Patterns Of Relating ◽  
Self Schema ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractBackground:Evidence is emerging that beliefs about voices are influenced by broader schematic beliefs about the self and others. Similarly, studies indicate that the relationship an individual has with their voice may mirror wider patterns of relating observed in social relationships, which may be influenced by schematic beliefs.Aims:This study examined associations between beliefs about voices and self and other schemas. Furthermore, associations between schemas and the perceived relationship between the hearer and their predominant voice were explored.Method:Forty-four voice-hearing participants were recruited across mental health services. Participants completed self-report measures of beliefs about voices, schema functioning, and relating between the hearer and their voice. Dimensions of voice experience, such as frequency and content, were assessed using a clinician-rated scale.Results:Beliefs about voices correlated with negative voice content and schemas. After controlling for negative voice content, schemas were estimated to predict between 1 and 17% of the variance in the six measured beliefs about voices; three of the associations reached statistical significance. Negative-self schema were the strongest predictors of beliefs about voices, whilst positive-self also showed potential relationships. Schemas also correlated with dimensions of relating between the hearer and their voice.Conclusions:In line with previous research, this study provides evidence that schemas, particularly self-schema, may be important in the development of beliefs about voices. This study offers preliminary findings to suggest that schemas are also associated with the perceived relationship between the hearer and their voice.

scholarly journals Validation of a Set of Stimuli to Investigate the Effect of Attributional Processes on Social Motivation in Within-Subject Experiments

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Fucci ◽  
Constanza Baquedano ◽  
Oussama Abdoun ◽  
Jessy Deroche ◽  
Antoine Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
Prosocial Motivation ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Willingness To Help ◽  
Attributional Processes ◽  
Multiple Scenarios

Attribution of responsibility for the causes of suffering is one of the main factors that influence responses to individuals in distress. While the role of attributional processes on prosocial motivation has been widely investigated in social psychology, only few attempts have been made to characterize their behavioural and neurophysiological underpinnings. This is partly due to the lack of stimuli that can facilitate within-subject experimental designs. To overcome this problem, we created a set of stimuli consisting of videos depicting people in different situations of distress. Each video is paired with short stories that aim to manipulate the perceived degree of responsibility of the main character. To validate the stimuli, we investigated the effect of different context-video pairs on self-report measures of participants’ subjective experience. We found that different contexts preceding the same video can influence blame and responsibility judgments, affective responses and willingness to help. In a complementary analysis, we replicated previous findings on the influence of empathy and responsibility on willingness to help, showing how the latter is mediated by moral judgments. Finally, we observed a general increase in responses times when videos were paired with responsible contexts. We provide interpretations of this finding that can relate attribution accounts to prominent theories in moral psychology. Overall, this study highlights the possibility of expanding existing theories on prosocial motivation by implementing a set of stimuli that includes multiple scenarios and allows for the collection of third person measures in within-subject designs.

scholarly journals Mental Mechanisms of Psychological States Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 182-204
Author(s):  
A.O. Prokhorov
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Mental States ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Regulatory Process ◽  
The Self ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Analytical Review

The article presents the analytical review of theories and studies of the psychological state regulation through the “self-processes — self-regulation” aspect. The main objective of the article is the analysis of concepts, mechanisms and the role of consciousness structures in the regulatory process. The theories of mental states self-regulation are analyzed: system-activity, system-functional and structures-functional. The specificity of each approach to the regulatory process is shown. It was found that the less developed area in presented theoretical constructions is the mental component of regulation: the contribution of the consciousness structures to the regulation of states, their significance and functions in the regulatory process, the specificity of the influence of individual structures on regulation and their synergy during self-regulation, etc. Review of the concepts of the mental states regulation’s mechanisms points the key role of the consciousness structures in the regulatory process. The consciousness structures are an integral part of the individual’s mental subjective experience. Subjective mental experience integrates meanings with categorical structures of consciousness, goal features, semantic structures of consciousness (personal meaning, values, semantic attitudes, etc.), reflection and its types, experiences, mental representations (imaginative characteristics), the self-system. The relationship between the consciousness structures in the process of mental states regulation is considered. It is shown that the integration of the consciousness components is aimed at the goal achieving — the regulation of the subject’s mental stateThe operational side of the regulatory process is associated with the actions of the subject, aimed at changing the state, feedback and time characteristics.

Don’t blame yourself: Conscious source monitoring modulates feedback control during speech production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias K. Franken ◽  
Robert Hartsuiker ◽  
Petter Johansson ◽  
Lars Hall ◽  
Andreas Lind
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
External Source ◽  
The Self ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
Sensory Event ◽  
Speech Motor

Sensory feedback plays an important role in speech motor control. One of the main sources of evidence for this are studies where online auditory feedback is perturbed during ongoing speech. In motor control, it is therefore crucial to distinguish between sensory feedback and externally generated sensory events. This is called source monitoring. Previous altered feedback studies have taken non-conscious source monitoring for granted, as automatic responses to altered sensory feedback imply that the feedback changes are processed as self-caused. However, the role of conscious source monitoring is unclear. The current study investigated whether conscious source monitoring modulates responses to unexpected pitch changes in auditory feedback. During a first block, some participants spontaneously attributed the pitch shifts to themselves (self-blamers) while others attributed them to an external source (other-blamers). Before block 2, all participants were informed that the pitch shifts were experimentally induced. The self-blamers then showed a reduction in response magnitude in block 2 compared with block 1, while the other-blamers did not. This suggests that conscious source monitoring modulates responses to altered auditory feedback, such that consciously ascribing feedback to oneself leads to larger compensation responses. These results can be accounted for within the dominant comparator framework, where conscious source monitoring could modulate the gain on sensory feedback. Alternatively, the results can be naturally explained from an inferential framework, where conscious knowledge may bias the priors in a Bayesian process to determine the most likely source of a sensory event.

EXPRESS: Don’t blame yourself: Conscious source monitoring modulates feedback control during speech production

2022 ◽  
pp. 174702182210756
Author(s):  
Matthias K. Franken ◽  
Robert J Hartsuiker ◽  
Petter Johansson ◽  
Lars Hall ◽  
Andreas Lind
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
External Source ◽  
The Self ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
Sensory Event ◽  
Speech Motor

Sensory feedback plays an important role in speech motor control. One of the main sources of evidence for this are studies where online auditory feedback is perturbed during ongoing speech. In motor control, it is therefore crucial to distinguish between sensory feedback and externally generated sensory events. This is called source monitoring. Previous altered feedback studies have taken non-conscious source monitoring for granted, as automatic responses to altered sensory feedback imply that the feedback changes are processed as self-caused. However, the role of conscious source monitoring is unclear. The current study investigated whether conscious source monitoring modulates responses to unexpected pitch changes in auditory feedback. During a first block, some participants spontaneously attributed the pitch shifts to themselves (self-blamers) while others attributed them to an external source (other-blamers). Before block 2, all participants were informed that the pitch shifts were experimentally induced. The self-blamers then showed a reduction in response magnitude in block 2 compared with block 1, while the other-blamers did not. This suggests that conscious source monitoring modulates responses to altered auditory feedback, such that consciously ascribing feedback to oneself leads to larger compensation responses. These results can be accounted for within the dominant comparator framework, where conscious source monitoring could modulate the gain on sensory feedback. Alternatively, the results can be naturally explained from an inferential framework, where conscious knowledge may bias the priors in a Bayesian process to determine the most likely source of a sensory event.

Loneliness is associated with greater cognitive distance between the self and a close friend

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laureta Kokici ◽  
Gratiela Chirtop ◽  
Heather Jane Ferguson ◽  
Andrew Martin
Keyword(s):  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Close Friend ◽  
The Self ◽  
Depth Of Processing ◽  
Cognitive Distance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Perceived Social Isolation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mental And Physical Health

Loneliness describes the distressing experience associated with perceived social disconnection. Despite the clear links between loneliness and mental and physical health, relatively little is known about how loneliness affects cognition. To assess the effects of loneliness on cognitive distance between the self and others, participants completed an implicit memory task for adjectives encoded in relation to the self, a close friend, or a celebrity. We assessed item memory accuracy and sensitivity, and depth of processing was assessed through source monitoring and metamemory performance. In addition, participants reported their trait loneliness and depression. An overall self-referential advantage was identified compared with both friend and celebrity encoded items. Likewise, a friend-referential advantage was identified compared to celebrity-encoded items. Metacognitive sensitivity (sensitivity of confidence for correct and incorrect responses) and metacognitive bias (confidence regardless of accuracy) showed a similar pattern. Lonelier individuals showed a greater self-referential bias in comparison to words encoded in relation to a close friend, coupled with a smaller friend-referential bias in comparison to words encoded in relation to celebrity. More depressed individuals also showed a greater self-referential bias in comparison to words encoded in relation to a close friend, but this did not explain the relationship with loneliness. Therefore, perceived social isolation (loneliness) is reflected in a greater cognitive distance between self and close friends and this operates independent of depression. The results have important implications for understanding the social contextual effects on memory and the cognitive ramifications of loneliness.

scholarly journals Validation of a set of stimuli to investigate the effect of attributional processes on social motivation in within-subject experiments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Fucci ◽  
Constanza Baquedano ◽  
Oussama Abdoun ◽  
Jessy Deroche ◽  
Antoine Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
General Increase ◽  
Prosocial Motivation ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Attributional Processes ◽  
Multiple Scenarios ◽  
Complementary Analysis

Attribution of responsibility for the causes of suffering is one of the main factors that influence responses to individuals in distress. While the role of attributional processes on prosocial motivation has been widely investigated in social psychology, only few attempts have been made to characterize their behavioural and neurophysiological underpinnings. This is partly due to the lack of stimuli that can facilitate within-subject experimental designs. To overcome this problem, we created a set of stimuli consisting of videos depicting people in different situations of distress. Each video is paired with short stories that aim to manipulate the perceived degree of responsibility of the main character.To validate the stimuli, we investigated the effect of different context-video pairs on self-report measures of participants’ subjective experience. We found that different contexts preceding the same video can influence blame and responsibility judgments, affective responses and willingness to help.In a complementary analysis, we replicated previous findings on the influence of empathy and responsibility on willingness to help. However, we did not observe a negative correlation between responsibility and empathy as described in attribution theories.Finally, we observed a general increase in responses times when videos were paired with Responsible contexts. We provide interpretations of this finding that can relate attribution accounts to prominent theories in moral psychology.Overall, this study highlights the possibility of falsifying existing theories on attributional processes by implementing a set of stimuli that includes multiple scenarios and allow for the collection of third person measures in within-subject designs.

Comparisonal investigation of emotional intelligence in addicted and nonaddicted people

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 53-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Homayouni
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Interpersonal Relationship ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Expression Of Emotion ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Self Actualization ◽  
Regulation Of Emotion ◽  
Abnormal Behaviors

Introduction & objectivesEmotional intelligence (E/I) consists of appraisal of emotion in the self and others, regulation of emotion in the self and others and utilization of emotion in solving problems. Subsumed under these branches are functions such as verbal and non verbal appraisal and expression of emotion and using emotions to motivate as part of the utilization of emotions. (Salovey & Mayer's, 1990). Emotional intelligence components are important in psychological functions such as problem-solving, happiness, stress-tolerance, self-actualization and interpersonal relationship. So the research aimed to investigate role of Emotional intelligence in tendency to addiction.MethodsIn sampling process a total of 73 addicted people and 73 non-addicted people were randomly selected. All participants were requested to complete Schutte’s Self- Report E/I Test (SSREIT) (33 item). The test measures ability of E/I in three fields: Appraisal of emotion, regulation of emotion and utilization of emotion. In order to analyzing the data independent T test was used to compare means of two groups.ResultsFindings indicated significant differences between two groups in components of emotional intelligent. Nonaddicted people had more scores in appraisal of emotion, utilization of emotion and general score of emotional intelligence. But there was no significant difference in regulation of emotion in two groups.ConclusionsConsidering the results, it is recommended EI education programs and applying the plans for enhancing emotional intelligent components in order to increasing abilities and competencies in confronting with crisis and bad events and reducing risk of abnormal behaviors, specially addiction.

Effect of Social Context on the Impact of Coping Self-Statements

1983 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Zettle ◽  
Steven C. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Social Contingencies ◽  
Context Group ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

The present study was designed to evaluate the role of a social context in the impact of coping self-statements. It was hypothesized that the control which coping self-statements exert over anxiety-related behaviors would vary to the extent that the self-statements are socially accessible. Speech-anxious college students were randomly assigned to either a control group or to one of two experimental groups. Control subjects received no coping self-statements while subjects in both experimental groups selected the same coping self-statement. The two experimental groups differed only in whether the coping self-statement was apparently known to the experimenter. On self-report measures, only the social-context group showed improvement over those of the other two groups. The only difference among the groups on behavioral measures indicated that subjects in the social-context group had followed the coping statement by talking more slowly. The results were interpreted as possibly a function of the social contingencies established by public statements.

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