IoT-IE: An Information-Entropy-Based Approach to Traffic Anomaly Detection in Internet of Things

Security issues related to the Internet of Things (IoTs) have attracted much attention in many fields in recent years. One important problem in IoT security is to recognize the type of IoT devices, according to which different strategies can be designed to enhance the security of IoT applications. However, existing IoT device recognition approaches rarely consider traffic attacks, which might change the pattern of traffic and consequently decrease the recognition accuracy of different IoT devices. In this work, we first validate by experiments that traffic attacks indeed decrease the recognition accuracy of existing IoT device recognition approaches; then, we propose an approach called IoT-IE that combines information entropy of different traffic features to detect traffic anomaly. We then enhance the robustness of IoT device recognition by detecting and ignoring the abnormal traffic detected by our approach. Experimental evaluations show that IoT-IE can effectively detect abnormal behaviors of IoT devices in the traffic under eight different types of attacks, achieving a high accuracy value of 0.977 and a low false positive rate of 0.011. It also achieves an accuracy of 0.969 in a multiclassification experiment with 7 different types of attacks.

Effect of the Length of Oat Hay on Growth Performance, Health Status, Behavior Parameters and Rumen Fermentation of Holstein Female Calves

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the length of oat hay on the performance, health, behavior, and rumen fermentation of dairy calves. For this purpose, two hundred and ten healthy two-day-old Holstein dairy calves were randomly allocated into three groups: basic diet (calf starter) without hay (CON), or a basic diet with oat hay at either long (OL: 10–12 cm) or short (OS: 3–5 cm) length cut. The basic diet was fed from day 4, while the hay was offered from day 14. All calves were weaned at day 56 and remained in their individual hutches till the end of the trial (day 70). Calf starter intake and fecal scores were recorded daily. Bodyweight, body size, and rumen fluid samples were collected biweekly before weaning and weekly after weaning. Overall, providing oat hay (OS and OL) in the diet increased the body weight, starter intake, and average daily gain compared to the CON group. Similarly, feeding oat hay improved rumen fermentation. More specifically, hay enhanced the rumen pH and changed the rumen fermentation type. Hay fed calves spent more time on rumination but less time performing abnormal behaviors compared to control. As it can be concluded, feeding oat hay to calves enhances the growth performance, rumen fermentation, and normal calf behaviors, implying improved animal welfare irrespective of the hay length.

Dementia People Tracking System

The number of elderly people worldwide is rigidly increasing due to decrease in birth rates and innovations implemented in medical field. Due to the increase in elderly people population diseases like dementia are also being increased year by year. Having done many kinds of research it is found that there is no permanent treatment for diseases like dementia, even if those patients come in public they look similar to normal people, however, people with dementia have abnormal behaviors like loss of patience, aggression, lack of thinking which in turn causes burden to family members and caretakers. In order to address this issues, this paper demonstrates a follow-up and rescue program for the elderly. The system includes a GPS receiver, a GSM module and a long-distance RF transmitter and receiver, real-time location. Families and care takers can obtain real-time information and history of patient location through GPS to avoid loss of elderly patients. With the help of this system, the number of losing patients will be decreased and the pressure on the caretakers and family people will be cut down to some extent.

Developing a Framework for Detecting Phishing URLs using Machine Learning

The attack technique targeting end-users through phishing URLs is very dangerous nowadays. With this technique, attackers could steal user data or take control of the system, etc. Therefore, early detecting phishing URLs is essential. In this paper, we propose a method to detect phishing URLs based on supervised learning algorithms and abnormal behaviors from URLs. Finally, based on the research results, we build a framework for detecting phishing URLs through endusers. The novelty and advantage of our proposed method are that abnormal behaviors are extracted based on URLs which are monitored and collected directly from attack campaigns instead of using inefficient old datasets. Keywords— phishing URLs; detecting phishing URLs; abnormal behaviors of phishing URLs; Machine learning

318 Effect of Initial Providing Time of Oat Hay on Performance, Health, Behavior and Rumen Fermentation in Calves

To determine the appropriate time to feed hay to calves, 210 healthy Holstein calves at d 2 were randomly divided into 3 groups: feeding basic diet (starter) without hay (CON), inclusion of oat hay from the second week (H2) or fourth week (H4) in addition to the basic diet. All calves were weaned on d 56 and raised in the same hutches until the end of the experiment (d 70). Calf starter intake and fecal score were recorded daily throughout the experimental period. Body weight, body size, blood and rumen fluid samples were collected every 2 weeks before weaning and once a week after weaning. Inclusion of oat hay in the basic diet (H2 and H4) resulted in increased body weight (P < 0.01) and average daily gain (P < 0.01) throughout the experiment when compared to the basic diet (CON) only. Calves fed oat hay from 2 weeks of life had the highest starter intake (P < 0.01), average daily gain (P < 0.01) in the pre- and post-weaning periods. Body length and heart girth was similar between treatments. The H2 calves had lower diarrhea frequency (P < 0.05) and diarrhea days (P < 0.05) during the post-weaning period. Compared to the CON calves, inclusion of hay increased the rumen pH (P < 0.01), while decreasing the NH3-N (P < 0.01) and tend to decrease the total VFA (P < 0.06) during the entire trial. Calves in H2 treatment spent more time ruminating (P < 0.01), but less time standing (P < 0.05), eating starter (P < 0.01) and engaging in abnormal behaviors (P < 0.01). In conclusion, calves supplemented with oat hay improved growth rate and rumen fermentation when compared with calves fed only starter, and adding hay from 2 weeks of calves life may be the best choice for the farm to have the greatest growth and health performance.

Geochemical Control of PAHs by Inflowing River Water to West Nanao Bay, Japan, and Its Influences on Ecological Risk: Small-Scale Changes Observed under Near-Background Conditions at an Enclosed Bay

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), even at low concentrations, have been shown to trigger changes in life cycles and provoke abnormal behaviors in numerous marine organisms. From May 2019 to September 2020, particulate and dissolved PAH concentrations were analyzed on the surface water of West Nanao Bay, Japan, to determinate their levels, emission sources, environmental pathways, and ecological risks at this remote but semi-enclosed bay. The 14 targeted PAHs were analyzed by HPLC-fluorescence detector. Mean total PAH concentrations were lower than 20.0 ng L−1 for most samples. Based on fluoranthene (Flu) to pyrene (Pyr) ([Flu]/[Flu + Pyr]) and benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) to chrysene (Chr) ([BaA]/[BaA + Chr]) isomeric ratios and a varimax rotated PCA, it was established that biomass combustion was the principal source in the particulate phase and that liquid fossil fuel combustion was the principal source in the dissolved phase. From salinity and turbidity distribution, riverine discharges were determined to be the major and continuous transportation pathway of particulate PAHs. It was observed that rain events had a role in the transport of dissolved PAHs. The risk quotients (RQ∑14 PAHs (NCs): 0–84.53) indicated that PAHs represented a very low to low acute environmental risk. The results of this study will contribute to filling the paradigm gap of ecotoxicological studies in remote areas, working as a booster for future in-lab studies of non-lethal implications of endocrine disruptors such as PAHs.

Incorporating Silages into Preweaned Dairy Calf Diets

Supplementing forage to preweaned calves has shown some positive effects, such as stabilization of the rumen environment, limiting abnormal behaviors, and increasing starter intake. However, dry forages can be limited and cost prohibitive in some areas of the world. Contrastingly, ensiled forages are commonly found on most dairy farms and are low cost. Therefore, the objective of this review was to focus specifically on ensiled forages and how they affect preweaned calves. There are few studies that have focused on providing ensiled forages and most of them have used corn silage. Although impacts on rumen development and nutrient digestibility have been variable, feed intake and efficiency were not affected in most reviewed studies. Growth and health parameters were also either not affected or improved. Therefore, with careful silage feeding management, the supplementation of ensiled feeds may be used to provide similar benefits of dry forages to preweaned dairy calves.

Hypergravity-induced malfunction was moderated by the regulation of NMDA receptors in the vestibular nucleus

Gravity alteration is one of the critical environmental factors in the space, causing various abnormal behaviors related with the malfunctioned vestibular system. Due to the high plastic responses in the central vestibular system, the behavioral failures were resolved in a short period of time (in approx. 72 h). However, the plastic neurotransmission underlying the functional recovery is still elusive. To understand the neurotransmitter-induced plasticity under hypergravity, the extracellular single neuronal recording and the immunohistochemistry were conducted in the vestibular nucleus (VN). The animals were grouped as control, 24-h, 72-h, and 15-day exposing to 4G-hypergravity, and each group had two subgroups based on the origins of neuronal responses, such as canal and otolith. The averaged firing rates in VN showed no significant difference in the subgroups (canal-related: p > 0.105, otolith-related: p > 0.138). Meanwhile, the number of NMDAr was significantly changed by the exposing duration to hypergravity. The NMDAr decreased in 24 h (p = 1.048 × 10–9), and it was retrieved in 72 h and 15 days (p < 4.245 × 10–5). Apparently, the reduction and the retrieval in the number of NMDAr were synchronized with the generation and recovery of the abnormal behaviors. Thus, the plasticity to resolve the hypergravity-induced malfunctional behaviors was conducted by regulating the number of NMDAr.