scholarly journals Baseline profiles of auditory, vestibular, and visual functions in youth tackle football players

Concussion ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. CNC66
Author(s):  
Travis White-Schwoch ◽  
Jennifer Krizman ◽  
Kristi McCracken ◽  
Jamie K Burgess ◽  
Elaine C Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoring System ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Frequency Following Response ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Concussion Management ◽  
Tackle Football ◽  
Balance Error Scoring System ◽  
Balance Error

Aim: Neurosensory tests have emerged as components of sport-related concussion management. Limited normative data are available in healthy, nonconcussed youth athletes. Patients & methods/results: In 2017 and 2018, we tested 108 youth tackle football players immediately before their seasons on the frequency-following response, Balance Error Scoring System, and King-Devick test. We compared results with published data in older and/or and nonathlete populations. Performance on all tests improved with age. Frequency-following response and Balance Error Scoring System results aligned with socioeconomic status. Performance was not correlated across neurosensory domains. Conclusion: Baseline neurosensory functions in seven 14-year-old male tackle football players are consistent with previously published data. Results reinforce the need for individual baselines or demographic-specific norms and the use of multiple neurosensory measures in sport-related concussion management.

scholarly journals Normative Data for the Balance Error Scoring System in Adults

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant L. Iverson ◽  
Michael S. Koehle
Keyword(s):  
Scoring System ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fitness Evaluation ◽  
Cohort Design ◽  
Balance Error Scoring System ◽  
Balance Error ◽  
Better Than

Background. The balance error scoring system (BESS) is a brief, easily administered test of static balance. The purpose of this study is to develop normative data for this test.Study Design. Cross-sectional, descriptive, and cohort design.Methods. The sample was drawn from a population of clients taking part in a comprehensive preventive health screen at a multidisciplinary healthcare center. Community-dwelling adults aged 20–69 (N=1,236) were administered the BESS within the context of a fitness evaluation. They did not have significant medical, neurological, or lower extremity problems that might have an adverse effect on balance.Results. There was a significant positive correlation between BESS scores and age (r=.34). BESS performance was similar for participants between the ages of 20 and 49 and significantly declined between ages 50 and 69. Men performed slightly better than women on the BESS. Women who were overweight performed significantly more poorly on the test compared to women who were not overweight (P<.0001; Cohen'sd=.62). The BESS normative data are stratified by age and sex.Conclusions. These normative data provide a frame of reference for interpreting BESS performance in adults who sustain traumatic brain injuries and adults with diverse neurological or vestibular problems.

scholarly journals Normative Performance on the Balance Error Scoring System by Youth, High School, and Collegiate Athletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 636-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Ozinga ◽  
Susan M. Linder ◽  
Mandy Miller Koop ◽  
Tanujit Dey ◽  
Richard Figler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Balance Error Scoring System ◽  
Balance Error

Context:  Annually, more than 1 million youth athletes in the United States receive or are suspected of receiving a concussion. The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) is the most commonly used clinical balance evaluation designed to provide a better understanding of the motor-control processes of individuals with concussion. Despite the widespread use of the BESS, a fundamental gap exists in applying this tool to young athletes, as normative values are lacking for this population. Objective:  To determine age- and sex-specific normative values for the BESS in youth, high school, and collegiate athletes. Design:  Cross-sectional study. Setting:  Local youth sport organizations, high schools, and colleges. Patients or Other Participants:  Student-athletes (N = 6762) completed preseason baseline concussion testing as part of a comprehensive concussion-management program. Groups were youth males aged 5 to 13 years (n = 360), high school males aged 14 to 18 years (n = 3743), collegiate males aged 19 to 23 years (n = 497), youth females aged 5 to 13 years (n = 246), high school females aged 14 to 18 years (n = 1673), and collegiate females aged 19 to 23 years (n = 243). Main Outcome Measure(s):  Errors according to the BESS specifications. Results:  Performance on the BESS was worse (P &lt; .01) in youth athletes than in high school and collegiate athletes. In the youth and high school cohorts, females exhibited better scores than males (P &lt; .05). Sex was not a factor for collegiate athletes. Data from the youth cohort were further subdivided into 4-year bins to evaluate potential motor-development differences. The error count was highest for 5- to 9-year-old males and decreased with age. Conclusions:  Performance on the BESS depended on sex and age, particularly in youth athletes. These sex- and age-specific normative values provide a reference to facilitate and unify clinical decision making across multiple providers caring for youth athletes with concussions.

Normative data for the modified balance error scoring system in adults

Brain Injury ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 596-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant L. Iverson ◽  
Michael S. Koehle
Keyword(s):  
Scoring System ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Balance Error Scoring System ◽  
Balance Error

Normative Data for the Balance Error Scoring System in Iranian Adults

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ainaz Shamshiri ◽  
Iman Rezaei ◽  
Ehsan Sinaei ◽  
Saeed Heidari ◽  
Ali Ghanbari
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Normative Database ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Balance Error Scoring System ◽  
Balance Error

Context: The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), originally designed to diagnose and assess athletes with concussion syndrome, is now widely used to evaluate postural stability. To interpret balance status, a normative database can be a reliable source. However, different anthropometric characteristics and sociocultural backgrounds across populations hinder the application of previously developed databases in different populations. Objective: The present study was designed to develop a normative data set for the general population of healthy Iranian adults according to their age groups and to study the correlation between BESS scores and the participants’ sex, height, weight, and body mass index. Design: A cross-sectional study. Participants: A total of 1051 community-dwelling adults aged 20–69 years not suffering from balance disorders, dizziness, or other neurological or musculoskeletal diseases were recruited and stratified into 5 different age groups by decade. Main Outcome Measures: The BESS tests were composed of single-leg, double-leg, and tandem stances, each on a rigid surface and a foam pad. The individuals maintained each position for 20 seconds with eyes closed. The assessor recorded the total number of errors as the individuals’ BESS score (range: 0–60). Results: Significant but weak correlations were found between BESS score and height (r = −.13, P < .001) and between BESS score and body mass index (r = .11, P < .001), and the difference between sexes in BESS score was statistically significant in the 50- to 59-year-old (P = .021) and 60- to 69-year-old (P < .001) groups. The BESS scores were significantly different between all age groups (P < .05), except between the 20- to 29-year-old and 30- to 39-year-old groups (P = 1.000) and between the 40- to 49-year-old and 50- to 59-year-old groups (P = .086). Conclusions: This study provided a normative database for different age groups of asymptomatic Iranian adults. The BESS score had weak correlations with height and body mass index and no correlation with weight, and significant differences were found between sexes in 50- to 69-year-old individuals. This study emphasizes the importance of obtaining specific normative data for different populations.

Normative data for the balance error scoring system: Implications for brain injury evaluations

Brain Injury ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant L. Iverson ◽  
Michelle L. Kaarto ◽  
Michael S. Koehle
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Balance Error Scoring System ◽  
Balance Error

Comparing Computer-Derived and Human-Observed Scores for the Balance Error Scoring System

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaclyn B. Caccese ◽  
Thomas W. Kaminski
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Postural Stability ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Interclass Correlation ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Balance Error Scoring System ◽  
Balance Error

Context:The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) is the current standard for assessing postural stability in concussed athletes on the sideline. However, research has questioned the objectivity and validity of the BESS, suggesting that while certain subcategories of the BESS have sufficient reliability to be used in evaluation of postural stability, the total score is not reliable, demonstrating limited interrater and intrarater reliability. Recently, a computerized BESS test was developed to automate scoring.Objective:To compare computerderived BESS scores with those taken from 3 trained human scorers.Design:Interrater reliability study.Setting:Athletic training room.Patients:NCAA Division I student athletes (53 male, 58 female; 19 ± 2 y, 168 ± 41 cm, 69 ± 4 kg).Interventions:Subjects were asked to perform the BESS while standing on the Tekscan (Boston, MA) MobileMat® BESS. The MobileMat BESS software displayed an error score at the end of each trial. Simultaneously, errors were recorded by 3 separate examiners. Errors were counted using the standard BESS scoring criteria.Main Outcome Measures:The number of BESS errors was computed for the 6 stances from the software and each of the 3 human scorers. Interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to compare errors for each stance scored by the MobileMat BESS software with each of 3 raters individually. The ICC values were converted to Fisher Z scores, averaged, and converted back into ICC values.Results:The double-leg, single-leg, and tandem-firm stances resulted in good agreement with human scorers (ICC = .999, .731, and .648). All foam stances resulted in fair agreement.Conclusions:Our results suggest that the MobileMat BESS is suitable for identifying BESS errors involving each of the 6 stances of the BESS protocol. Because the MobileMat BESS scores consistently and reliably, this system can be used with confidence by clinicians as an effective alternative to scoring the BESS.

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