scholarly journals Diplomasi Vaksin Covid-19 dan Budaya Anarki dalam Sistem Internasional [Covid-19 Vaccine Diplomacy and Cultures of Anarchy in The International System]

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-160
Author(s):  
Ramdhan Muhaimin ◽  
Rizal A Hidayat ◽  
Eldha Mulyani
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
International System ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
Global Alliance ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Access ◽  
Health Organization

To fight the Covid-19 pandemic, several countries, through their pharmaceutical companies, conduct research and production of vaccines. Efforts to invent a vaccine are racing with the rapid mutation of Covid-19. The World Health Organization with GAVI (Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization) and CEPI (Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations) initiated a collaborative forum called Covid-19 Vaccine Global Access (COVAX). The goal there is justice and equity in the distribution of vaccines throughout the world. Although strategic efforts to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic are carried out multilaterally through COVAX, many countries have also taken bilateral steps to get their vaccine needs. On the other hand, the Covid-19 vaccine diplomacy that took place in an anarchic international system showed three different cultural patterns, namely Hobbesian (conflictual), Lockean (competitive), and Kantian (cooperative). By using a qualitative approach, this study analyzes three cultural patterns of anarchy in vaccine diplomacy. Data collection techniques in this research are based on library research. The theory used in this research is diplomacy and cultures of Anarchy in Constructivism approach. From this research, it was found that the COVAX is a representation of the cooperative pattern carried out by countries in overcoming the Covid-19 pandemic. But apart from that, there is also Hobbesian or conflictual diplomacy between the United States and China. Meanwhile, competitive diplomacy can be seen in the competition among vaccine-producing countries.AbstrakUntuk mengatasi pandemi Covid-19, sejumlah negara melalui perusahaan farmasinya melakukan penelitian dan produksi vaksin. Upaya pencarian vaksin berlomba dengan mutasi Covid-19 yang cepat. Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (World Health Organization) bersama GAVI (Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization) dan CEPI (Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations) menginisiasi wadah kolaboratif bernama Covid-19 Vaccine Global Access (COVAX). Tujuannya, agar terjadi keadilan dan pemerataan dalam distribusi vaksin ke seluruh dunia. Meski upaya strategis menghadapi pandemik Covid-19 dilakukan secara multilateral melalui COVAX, tapi langkah-langkah bilateral juga banyak dilakukan negaranegara dalam memenuhi kebutuhan vaksinnya. Pada sisi lain, diplomasi vaksin Covid-19 yang terjadi dalam sistem internasional yang anarki menunjukkan tiga pola budaya yang berbeda, yaitu Hobbesian (konfliktual), Lockian (kompetitif), dan Kantian (kooperatif). Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, penelitian ini menganalisis tiga pola budaya anarki dalam diplomasi vaksin yang terjadi saat ini. Tekni pengumpulan data pada penelitian berdasarkan riset kepustakaan (library research). Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Diplomasi dan Budaya Anarki dalam Konstruktivisme yang dikembangkan Alexander Wendt. Dari penelitian ini, ditemukan wadah COVAX merupakan representasi pola kooperatif yang dilakukan negara-negara dalam mengatasi pandemik Covid-19. Namun selain itu, terjadi juga diplomasi ala Hobbesian atau konfliktual seperti yang terjadi antara Amerika Serikat dan China. Sedangkan diplomasi yang bersifat kompetitif terlihat pada persaingan di antara negara-negara produsen vaksin.

The Ethics of COVID-19 Vaccine Passports

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Joseph Meaney ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Decisions ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Divided Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

COVID-19 vaccine passports run the risk of creating a divided society where social privileges or restrictions based on “fitness” lead to discrimination based on immunization status. Individuals have a strong right to be free of coercion to take a COVID-19 vaccine, and we should be very leery of further invasion of private medical decisions. These concerns are shared both internationally and in the United States, and the World Health Organization, the Biden administration, and many US governors oppose COVID-19 vaccine credentials. In addition, regulations for COVID-19 vaccine credentials face practical barriers, including lack of access globally, especially among the poor; and lack of scientific data on the efficacy of these vaccines.

(Mis)Information on Digital Platforms: Lessons from Twitter and Sina Weibo in the COVID-19 Pandemic (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Kreps
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sina Weibo ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Relative Prevalence

BACKGROUND Misinformation about COVID-19 has presented challenges to public health authorities during pandemics. Understanding the prevalence and type of misinformation across contexts offers a way to understand the discourse around COVID-19 while informing potential countermeasures. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to study COVID-19 content on two prominent microblogging platform, Twitter, based in the United States, and Sina Weibo, based in China, and compare the content and relative prevalence of misinformation to better understand public discourse of public health issues across social media and cultural contexts. METHODS A total of 3,579,575 posts were scraped from both Weibo and Twitter, focusing on content from January 30th, 2020, when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern” and February 6th, 2020. A 1% random sample of tweets that contained both the English keywords “coronavirus” and “covid-19” and the equivalent Chinese characters was extracted and analyzed based on changes in the frequencies of keywords and hashtags. Misinformation on each platform was compared by manually coding and comparing posts using the World Health Organization fact-check page to adjudicate accuracy of content. RESULTS Both platforms posted about the outbreak and transmission but posts on Sina Weibo were less likely to reference controversial topics such as the World Health Organization and death and more likely to cite themes of resisting, fighting, and cheering against the coronavirus. Misinformation constituted 1.1% of Twitter content and 0.3% of Weibo content. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative and qualitative analysis of content on both platforms points to cross-platform differences in public discourse surrounding the pandemic and informs potential countermeasures for online misinformation.

scholarly journals Quality Evaluation of Ethambutol Hydrochloride Tablet Batches Available in Governmental Health Facilities of Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Meseret Yirdaw ◽  
Belachew Umeta ◽  
Yimer Mokennen
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
World Health ◽  
Southwest Ethiopia ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
The World ◽  
Storage Area ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Jimma Town

Background. The availability of poor-quality drugs on the drug market might favor the ineffectiveness of the drug and/antimicrobial resistance. Aim. To evaluate the quality of similar batches of ethambutol hydrochloride tablets available in different governmental health facilities of Jimma town, southwest Ethiopia. Methods. The World Health Organization checklist was used to inspect the storage area of health facilities and check medicines for the sign of counterfeit. The test was conducted as per the United States Pharmacopeia on six similar batches of ethambutol hydrochloride sampled from different governmental health facilities. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20, and one-way ANOVA was used for comparing the dissolution profile and weight variation of batches. Results. Three health facilities did not comply with the storage area specifications for pharmaceuticals. No batches have shown any sign of counterfeit. All of the tablet batches tested complied with USP specifications for weight variation, percentage purity, and dissolution test. Conclusions and Recommendation. The entire tablet batches complied with the World Health Organization specification for packaging and labelling of pharmaceuticals. All tablet batches complied with the test for weight variation, purity of drug substance, and dissolution. Since some health facilities did not comply with at least one specification for storage of pharmaceuticals, regulatory agencies and stack holders are advised to inspect the health facilities to ensure appropriate storage of pharmaceuticals in health facilities.

scholarly journals Development of Contextually-relevant Sexuality Education: Lessons from a Comprehensive Review of Adolescent Sexuality Education Across Cultures

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hildie Leung ◽  
Daniel Shek ◽  
Edvina Leung ◽  
Esther Shek
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Sexuality Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Future Research ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

As reported by the World Health Organization in 2017, there are 2 million+ young people living with HIV worldwide. The World Health Organization also reported that a third of all new HIV infections around the world are estimated to occur among youths (aged 15–25). and teen pregnancy rates are on the rise in many places. These worrying trends suggest that existing sexuality education programs and interventions may be inadequate and/or ineffective. Although the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development’s (ICPD) Programme of Action highlighted the roles of Governments to offer sex education to young people to promote teenage reproductive health, yet inconsistency exists in the related initiatives in the global context. The present article aims to provide a comprehensive literature review of the existing sexuality programs in selected places in both English-speaking (i.e., the United States of America, the United Kingdom) and Chinese-speaking contexts (i.e., Hong Kong, Mainland China, and Taiwan). Based on the review, observations and implications for sexuality education policy and practice, as well as recommendations for future research for youths are outlined.

Letters to the Editors

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-504
Author(s):  
Stuart H. Walker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

My letter1 called attention to the frequency with which in the United States hypernatremia has been associated with the unsupervised administration of solutions containing sodium in amounts as low as 20 to 50 mmoles/liter.2,3 It has not been demonstrated that solutions similar to that recommended by the World Health Organization (80 to 90 mmoles of sodium per liter), designed for supervised use in the management of the infantile diarrheas of developing countries, are safe in unsupervised use in the United States.

scholarly journals Recommendations for Adopting the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes Into U.S. Policy

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 582-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Soldavini ◽  
Lindsey Smith Taillie
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Code ◽  
The World ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Health Organization

In 1981, the World Health Organization adopted the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes ( International Code), with subsequent resolutions adopted since then. The International Code contributes to the safe and adequate provision of nutrition for infants by protecting and promoting breastfeeding and ensuring that human milk substitutes, when necessary, are used properly through adequate information and appropriate marketing and distribution. Despite the World Health Organization recommendations for all member nations to implement the International Code in its entirety, the United States has yet to take action to translate it into any national measures. In 2012, only 22.3% of infants in the United States met the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation of at least 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding. Countries adopting legislation reflecting the provisions of the International Code have seen increases in breastfeeding rates. This article discusses recommendations for translating the International Code into U.S. policy. Adopting legislation that implements, monitors, and enforces the International Code in its entirety has the potential to contribute to increased rates of breastfeeding in the United States, which can lead to improved health outcomes in both infants and breastfeeding mothers.

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