scholarly journals PUSR: Position Update Secure Routing protocol for MANET

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102
Author(s):  
Mallikarjuna Anantapur ◽  
◽  
Patil Venkanagouda ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Hash Function ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Selfish Nodes ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Selfish Node ◽  
Aodv Routing Protocol

Mobile ad hoc network is a self-organizing wireless network, which is formed by the wireless mobile devices without any centralized infrastructure. The mobile nodes in the network are mainly affected by the inherent characteristics such as unpredictable network topology and open wireless medium. Especially, the presence of selfish nodes in the network creates the packet loss and affects an entire communication system. In this paper, the hash function with position updating algorithm is proposed in the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol for improving the security against the selfish nodes. The AODV routing protocol is used to transmit the data packets from the source to the destination. Therefore, the Prevention of Selfish Node using Hash Function (PSNHF) with position update algorithm is proposed for minimizing the packet loss through the network. The performances of proposed AODV-PSNHF method are analysed in terms of energy consumption, throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), packet loss and normalized routing load. In addition, the AODV-PSNHF method is compared with the existing trust-aware ad-hoc routing protocol (T2AR). The selfish node identification using hash function and positioning update using AODV-PSNHF method provides reliable and secure data transmission under selfish nodes and shows better performance in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio and packet loss. For 2% of malicious nodes the PDR of the AODV-PSNHF method is 89%, it is 9% higher when compared to the T2AR protocol whose PDR% is only 80% for the same.

scholarly journals Performance Assessment of QoS Using AODV, TORA and ZRP Routing Protocol in MANET

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 744-750
Author(s):  
Irfan Ahmad ◽  
Fahad Masood ◽  
Arbab Wajid Ullah Khan
Keyword(s):  
Performance Assessment ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Zone Routing Protocol ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) nodes often change their location independently where neither fixed nor centralized infrastructure is present. Nodes communicate with each other directly or via intermediate nodes. The advantages of the MANET layout lead to self-structure and compatibility to most important functions such as traffic distribution and load balancing. Whenever the host moves rapidly in the network the topology becomes updated due to which the structure of MANET varies accordingly. In the literature, different routing protocols have been studied and compared by researchers. Still, there are queries regarding the performance of these protocols under different scenarios. MANETs are not based on a predesigned structure. In this paper, the performance assessment of the Quality of Services (QoS) for different protocols such as Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) in the existence of the various number of communicating nodes is studied. The performance matrices throughput, end – to – end delay and packet delivery ratio are considered for simulations. Ns 2.35 simulator is used for carrying out these simulations. Results are compared for AODV, TORA, and ZRP routing protocols. The results show that AODV and TORA perform well in end – to – end delay as compared to zone routing protocol. Zone routing protocol performs well in packet delivery ratio and throughput as compared to both the other protocols.

Research of Improvement of GPSR Protocol in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

2015 ◽  
Vol 738-739 ◽  
pp. 1115-1118
Author(s):  
Li Cui Zhang ◽  
Xiao Nan Zhu ◽  
Zhi Gang Wang ◽  
Guang Hui Han
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Data Packet ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Hoc Networks

Considering the shortcoming of the traditional Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol in the Vehicular Ad hoc Networks ,this paper focuses on an improved GPSR protocol based on the density of vehicle flow .This new scheme includes macro-directing algorithm , micro-forwarding strategy and the maintenance of the neighbor list.The simulation result shows that compared with the traditional GPSR protocol, the new GPSR protocol improves data packet delivery ratio, but its average end-to-end delay is slightly larger than before.

Middle-Order Vehicle-Based Clustering Model for Reducing Packet Loss in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 2050180
Author(s):  
S. David ◽  
P. T. Vanathi
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Frequency Variation ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Clustering Model ◽  
Hoc Networks

Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) are typically termed as a wireless ad-hoc network that contains extreme node mobility and also the network carries a great significance in various traffic-oriented commercial applications and safety services. Due to its high mobility, routing in VANET has been a challenging work and also proving a higher rate of packet delivery ratio with reduced packet loss has been more important to be considered in route formations. With that note, this paper contributes to developing a clustering model called Middle-Order Vehicle-based Clustering (MOVC) model for managing the frequent topological change and high vehicle mobility, and efficiently handling the typical road traffic scenario. Moreover, the algorithm is intended to maintain the cluster to be constant for managing the vehicles in effective ways and also to provide uninterrupted communication between the vehicles. An algorithm for Effective Cluster Head Election (ECHE) is also derived in this paper for proficiently handling the frequency variation on the highways. Further, the model is simulated and evaluated on the basis of various metrics of VANET routing, specifically packet loss, packet delivery ratio, network lifetime and throughput. The results show that the proposed mechanism outperforms the results of existing models.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Kinerja Testbed Routing Protocol berbasis NodeMCU ESP8266 pada Perangkat IoT

MIND Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-148
Author(s):  
HERIANSYAH HERIANSYAH ◽  
AHMAD REYNALDI NOPRIANSYAH ◽  
SWADEXI ISTIQPHARA
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Delay Jitter

AbstrakJaringan Ad hoc pada perangkat Internet of Things (IoT) mempunyai sifat yang yang dinamis dengan node pada jaringan yang berperan sebagai router dan bergerak bebas secara random tanpa bantuan infrasturktur komunikasi sehingga topologi berubah sangat cepat seiring dengan perubahan posisi. Perubahan ini sangat mempengaruhi kualitas layanan pada perangkat IoT itu sendiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi protocol routing yang sudah ada dengan cara mengimplementasikan routing protocol tersebut di perangkat testbed berbasis NodeMCU ESP8266. Hal ini bertujuan untuk memilih protocol routing yang paling optimal sebelum proses implementasi dilaksanakan. Pengujian ini berlaku untuk routing protocol yang sudah ada maupun yang baru. Kinerja protocol jaringan  diukur melalui nilai  Quality of Service (QoS) ditempatkan pada scenario berbeda yang terdiri dari throughput, delay, jitter, dan packet delivery ratio sesuai dengan perbedaan beban jaringan, mobilitas, dan ukuran jaringan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa testbed  yang dibangun berhasil mensimulasikan routing protocol yang ada untuk menghasilkan QoS yang baik pada perangkat IoT.Kata kunci: IoT, routing protocol, testbed, QoS.AbstractAd hoc networks on Internet of Things (IoT) devices have dynamic characteristics where the nodes on this network can operate as routers and move freely randomly without using any communication infrastructure so that the topology changes very quickly along with changes in position. This adjustment has a significant impact on the IoT device's service quality. This study aims to evaluate the existing routing protocols by implementing the routing protocol in a testbed based on NodeMCU ESP8266. It aims to choose the most optimal routing protocol before the implementation process is carried out. This test applies to both existing and new routing protocols. Network protocol performance is measured by the Quality of Service (QoS) value which includes throughput, delay, jitter, and packet delivery ratio in different scenarios based on network load, mobility, and different network sizes. The results show that this study was successful in simulating routing protocol in order to provide good QoS on IoT devices.Keywords: IoT, routing protocol, testbed, QoS.

FSR Evaluation Using the Suboptimal Operational Values

2009 ◽  
pp. 203-211
Author(s):  
Osama H.S. Khader
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

In mobile ad hoc networks, routing protocols are becoming more complicated and problematic. Routing in mobile ad hoc networks is multi-hop because of the limited communication range of wireless radios. Since nodes in the network can move freely and randomly, an efficient routing protocol is needed in order for such networks to be able to perform well in such an environment. In this environment the routing strategy is applied such that it is flexible enough to handle large populations and mobility and be able to minimize the use of the battery. Also it should be designed to achieve maximum packet delivery ratio. Further more, the routing protocol must perform well in terms of fast convergence, low routing delay, and low control overhead traffic. In this paper an improved implementation of the Fisheye State Routing (FSR) protocols is presented, where a new selection routing criteria that utilizes a minimum number of hops is a selection metric. The results obtained from simulation indicate that the fewer number of hops used the better and more efficient the output for packet delivery ratio was generated.

Malicious Route Detection in Vehicular Ad-hoc Network using Geographic Routing with Masked Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-325
Author(s):  
Saravanan Palani ◽  
Logesh Ravi ◽  
Vijayakumar Varadarajan ◽  
Subramaniyaswamy Vairavasundaram ◽  
Xiao-Zhi Gao
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Geographic Routing ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Binary Codes ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Geographic Routing Protocol

Background: Vehicular Ad-hoc Network is the subset of Mobile Ad-hoc Network, Intelligent Transport System and Internet of Things. The acting nodes in VANET are the vehicles on the road at any moment. Objective: The anonymity character of these vehicles is opening the opportunity for malicious attacks. Malicious routes increase the data retransmission and hence, the performance of routing will be degraded. The main objective this work is to identify the malicious routes, avoid the data transmission using these routes and increase the packet delivery ratio. Methods: In the proposed system called Geographic Routing Protocol with Masked data, two binary- codes called mask and share have been generated to identify the malicious route. The original data is encoded using these binary-codes and routed to the destination using the geographic routing protocol. It is reconstructed at the destination node and based on the encoding technique the malicious routes and malicious nodes are identified. Simulations were conducted with varying speed and varying network size in 20 km2 geographical area. Results: The average packet delivery ratio with varying speed is 0.817 and with varying networksize is 0.733. Conclusion: The proposed geographical routing protocol with masked data technique outperforms than traditional geographic protocol and Detection of Malicious Node protocol, by 0.102 and 0.264 respectively with different speeds and by 0.065 and 0.1616 respectively with different network size.

scholarly journals Analisis Kinerja Protokol Routing AODV dan DSDV

SISTEMASI ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Fajar Baihaqy
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

MANET merupakan tipe jaringan khusus yang mampu melibatkan banyak orang atau peralatan komunikasi tanpa ketergantungan terhadap suatu infrastruktur. AODV dan DSDV merupakan contoh routing protocol yang efisien untuk jaringan Ad Hoc pada tipe routing protocol masing-masing. AODV untuk tipe routing protocol reactive dan DSDV untuk tipe routing protocol proactive. Setiap routing protocol tentunya memiliki kemampuan masing-masing, sehingga Quality of Service (QoS) untuk setiap routing protocol akan berbeda juga. Dalam penelitian melakukan analisis QoS pada routing protocol AODV dan DSDV dengan parameter yang di uji adalah Packet Delivery Ratio, Throughput, dan end-to-end Delay. Hasil pengujian memperlihatkan bahwa masing-masing routing protocol yang diteliti, routing protocol AODV memiliki waktu yang lebih cepat dalam proses pengiriman packet ke node selanjutnya. Untuk jumlah paket yang terkirim routing protocol AODV lebih baik dibandingkan DSDV.

scholarly journals SIMULASI DAN ANALISIS PERFORMANSI DARI PROTOKOL ROUTING BERBASIS POSISI GPRS DAN GyTAR UNTUK VEHICLE COMMUNICATION PADA VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORK (VANET)

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irma Nurlita Dewi ◽  
Rendy Munadi ◽  
Leanna Vidya Y.
Keyword(s):  
Packet Loss ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Vehicle Communication ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) merupakan konsep subset dari Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) sebagai teknologi yang memungkinkan komunikasi Inter Vehicle Communication (IVC) dan Roadside-toVehicle (RVC).VANET dikarakteristikkan dengan membangun jaringan ad hoc yang dibentuk dari nodenode berupa kendaraan bermobilitas tinggi yang dibatasi dengan aturan lalu lintas sehingga pergerakannya disesuaikan dengan pola tertentu, tidak seperti MANET yang pergerakannya bisa random tanpa ada batasan. Dengan demikian, protokol routing konvensional berbasis topologi pada MANET dinilai tidak cocok untuk VANET. Protokol routing berbasis posisi sepeti GPSR dan GyTAR dinilai cocok untuk VANET. Hal ini tak lain karena aspek dinamika topologi pada VANET yang dapat berdampak nyata pada analisis protokol routing. Dari hasil simulasi diperoleh bahwa GyTAR unggul pada skenario lingkungan perkotaan dilihat dari seluruh parameter end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, packet loss dan normalized routing overhead yang lebih baik dari GPSR dengan rata-rata nilai masing-masing, yakni 2,294 ms, 0,958, 4,19%, dan 0,482. Sementara pada skenario lingkungan jalan tol GPSR lebih unggul dibandingkan GyTAR dengan rata-rata nilai end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, dan packet loss sebesar 2,639 ms, 0,920, dan 7,923%; namun dengan perolehan NRO yang lebih kecil oleh GyTAR, yakni sebesar 1,725.Kata Kunci: VANET, MANET , GPSR, GyTAR, IVC, SUMO

scholarly journals Meningkatkan Efisiensi Rute Pada Protokol Routing AOMDV Menggunakan Metode PA-SHORT di Jaringan MANET

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
Yunia Puspita Wulandari ◽  
Andy Hidayat Jatmika ◽  
Fitri Bimantoro
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Routing Overhead ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End ◽  
Short Algorithm

Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a development of the Ad-Hoc Network, where the nodes of this network have dynamic mobility. There are several types of routing protocols in MANET, one of which is AOMDV. Route discovery on the AOMDV routing protocol is done by calculating the distance based on the number of hops. If the number of hops increased, it may cause a considerable delay and a decrease in throughput. This study compares the performance of the AOMDV routing protocol with the Path Aware-AOMDV (PA-AOMDV) routing protocol. PA-AOMDV routing protocol is obtained through modifications to the performance of the AOMDV protocol with the Path Aware SHORT algorithm. The Path Aware SHORT algorithm is a method to reduce the number of hops. SHORT improves routing optimization by monitoring routes and optimizing these routes that have better paths. The performance of both protocols will be seen based on four parameters, namely throughput, average end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, and routing overhead. Result shows that the throughput increased for 50 nodes is 61,84% and for 100 nodes is 45,2%, average end-to-end delay decreased for 50 nodes is 0,066% and for 100 nodes 0,12%, packet delivery ratio increased for 50 nodes is 60,87% and for 100 nodes 82,02%, and routing overhead decreased for 50 nodes is 67,07% and 100 nodes 45,36%.

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