scholarly journals Terras tradicionalmente ocupadas: processos de territorialização e movimentos sociais

Author(s):  
Alfredo Wagner Berno de Almeida

O texto analisa a relação entre o surgimento, na Amazônia, de movimentos sociais que incorporam fatores étnicos, critérios ecológicos e de gênero na autodefinição coletiva e os processos de territorialização que lhes são correspondentes. Ênfase é atribuída às denominadas “terras tradicionalmente ocupadas”, que expressam uma diversidade de formas de existência coletiva de diferentes povos e grupos sociais em suas relações com os recursos da natureza. Não obstante suas diferentes formações históricas, elas foram instituídas no texto constitucional de 1988 e reafirmadas nos dispositivos infraconstitucionais, como constituições estaduais, legislações municipais e convênios internacionais. Em termos analíticos tais formas designam situações nas quais o controle dos recursos básicos não é exercido livre e individualmente por um determinado grupo doméstico de pequenos produtores diretos ou por um de seus membros. A territorialidade funciona como fator de identificação, defesa e força: laços solidários e de ajuda mútua informam um conjunto de regras firmadas sobre uma base física considerada comum, essencial e inalienável, não obstante disposições sucessórias porventura existentes. Aí a noção de “tradicional” não se reduz à história e incorpora as identidades coletivas redefinidas situacionalmente numa mobilização continuada, assinalando que as unidades sociais em jogo podem ser interpretadas como unidades de mobilização.Palavras-chave: Amazônia; movimentos sociais; territorialidade. Abstract: The article analyzes the relation between the rise, in the Brazilian Amazon region, of social movements that incorporate ethnical, ecological and gender criteria in its self-definition as well as its correspondent territorialization processes. Focus is put on the “traditionally occupied lands” that express diversified forms of collective existence of people and social groups in its relation to natural resources. Despite its different historical formation, these forms has been institutionalized in the 1988 national Constitution as well as in infra-constitutional legal instruments. In analytical terms, these forms indicate situations in which the control over resources is not exercised freely and individually by some domestic group of direct little producers or one of its members. The territoriality operates as a factor of identification, self-defense and strength: solidarity linkages and mutual help practices nourish the creation of a set of rules based on a common physical terrain, seen as essential and inalienable. The notion of traditional is here not reduced to history, but incorporates collective identities defined in a continuous mobilization through social figures interpreted as mobilizing unities.Keywords: Amazon region; social movements; territoriality.

Author(s):  
Barbara J. Risman

This final chapter suggests that the incompatibilities of expectations and realities at different levels of the gender structure create “crises tendencies” that may provide leverage that future activists can use to push for social change. While some contemporary social movements agitating for a more feminist and gender inclusive society appear to conflict with each other, Risman argues that using a gender structure framework allows seemingly contradictory feminist and gender inclusive movements to understood they are not alternatives but rather a tapestry, each one taking aim at a different level of our complex gender structure. The chapter concludes with a utopian vision: a call for a fourth wave of feminism to dismantle the gender structure. Since the gender structure constrains freedom, to move toward a more just future we must leave it behind.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 743
Author(s):  
Blenda Gonçalves Cabral ◽  
Danielle Murici Brasiliense ◽  
Ismari Perini Furlaneto ◽  
Yan Corrêa Rodrigues ◽  
Karla Valéria Batista Lima

Surgical site infection (SSI) following caesarean section is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and significant health care costs. This study evaluated the epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological features of Acinetobacter spp. in women with SSIs who have undergone caesarean section at a referral hospital in the Brazilian Amazon region. This study included 69 women with post-caesarean SSI by Acinetobacter spp. admitted to the hospital between January 2012 and May 2015. The 69 Acinetobacter isolates were subjected to molecular species identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, detection of carbapenemase-encoding genes, and genotyping. The main complications of post-caesarean SSI by Acinetobacter were inadequate and prolonged antibiotic therapy, sepsis, prolonged hospitalization, and re-suture procedures. A. baumannii, A. nosocomialis and A. colistiniresistens species were identified among the isolates. Carbapenem resistance was associated with OXA-23-producing A. baumannii isolates and IMP-1-producing A. nosocomialis isolate. Patients with multidrug-resistant A. baumannii infection showed worse clinical courses. Dissemination of persistent epidemic clones was observed, and the main clonal complexes (CC) for A. baumannii were CC231 and CC236 (Oxford scheme) and CC1 and CC15 (Pasteur scheme). This is the first report of a long-term Acinetobacter spp. outbreak in women who underwent caesarean section at a Brazilian hospital. This study demonstrates the impact of multidrug resistance on the clinical course of post-caesarean infections.


2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (suppl) ◽  
pp. S155-S164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro F. C. Vasconcelos ◽  
Amélia P. A. Travassos da Rosa ◽  
Sueli G. Rodrigues ◽  
Elizabeth S. Travassos da Rosa ◽  
Nicolas Dégallier ◽  
...  

A total of 187 different species of arboviruses and other viruses in vertebrates were identified at the Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC) from 1954 to 1998, among more than 10,000 arbovirus strains isolated from humans, hematophagous insects, and wild and sentinel vertebrates. Despite intensive studies in the Brazilian Amazon region, especially in Pará State, very little is known about most of these viruses, except for information on date, time, source, and method of isolation, as well as their capacity to infect laboratory animals. This paper reviews ecological and epidemiological data and analyzes the impact of vector and host population changes on various viruses as a result of profound changes in the natural environment. Deforestation, mining, dam and highway construction, human colonization, and urbanization were the main manmade environmental changes associated with the emergence and/or reemergence of relevant arboviruses, including some known pathogens for humans.


2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 13974-13978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Flavia Tonelli Fernandes ◽  
Michelle Barbosa Partata da Silva ◽  
Vinicius Vicente Martins ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Saraiva Miranda ◽  
Eliana Guedes Stehling

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