“Mourning Hurray”: a Historical and Poetic Commentary on the Literary Page of the Futurists in the Newspaper Nov’

2021 ◽  
pp. 456-487
Author(s):  
Ruslan A. Poddubtsev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
First World War ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Critical Responses ◽  
First World

This work is a detailed commentary to the futurists’ literary page “Mourning Hurray” (“Traurnoe Ura”), which was published in November 1914 in the Nov’ newspaper. Newspaper versions of texts are compared with later versions from collected works and poetic features are revealed. The historical background of the publication is restored and the poets’ attitude to military service during the First World War are clarified. Critical responses given by Nov’ publicists are considered and the discussion between V. Mayakovsky, N. Raevsky and A. A. Suvorin is described. The commentary makes it possible to look at the page “Mourning Hurray” as a complete artistic statement.

scholarly journals Bulgarian crimes against civilians in occupied Serbia during the First World War

Balcanica ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 357-390
Author(s):  
Milovan Pisarri
Keyword(s):  
War Crimes ◽  
First World War ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
World War ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World

Since sufferings of civilian populations during the First World War in Europe, especially war crimes perpetrated against civilians, have - unlike the political and military history of the Great War - only recently become an object of scholarly interest, there still are considerable gaps in our knowledge, the Balkans being a salient example. Therefore, suggesting a methodology that involves a comparative approach, the use of all available sources, cooperation among scholars from different countries and attention to the historical background, the paper seeks to open some questions and start filling lacunae in our knowledge of the war crimes perpetrated against Serb civilians as part of the policy of Bulgarization in the portions of Serbia under Bulgarian military occupation.

African American Soldiers in World War I

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda M. Nagel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African American ◽  
Military Service ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
War Effort ◽  
African American Soldiers ◽  
First World

In the midst of the long black freedom struggle, African American military participation in the First World War remains central to civil rights activism and challenges to systems of oppression in the United States. As part of a long and storied tradition of military service for a nation that marginalized and attempted to subjugate a significant portion of US citizens, African American soldiers faced challenges, racism, and segregation during the First World War simultaneously on the home front and the battlefields of France. The generations born since the end of the Civil War continually became more and more militant when resisting Jim Crow and insisting on full, not partial, citizenship in the United States, evidenced by the events in Houston in 1917. Support of the war effort within black communities in the United States was not universal, however, and some opposed participation in a war effort to “make the world safe for democracy” when that same democracy was denied to people of color. Activism by organizations like the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) challenged the War Department’s official and unofficial policy, creating avenues for a larger number of black officers in the US Army through the officers’ training camp created in Des Moines, Iowa. For African American soldiers sent to France with the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), the potential for combat experience led to both failures and successes, leading to race pride as in the case of the 93rd Division’s successes, and skewed evidence for the War Department to reject increasing the number of black officers and enlisted in the case of the 92nd Division. All-black Regular Army regiments, meanwhile, either remained in the United States or were sent to the Philippines rather than the battlefields of Europe. However, soldiers’ return home was mixed, as they were both celebrated and rejected for their service, reflected in both parades welcoming them home and racial violence in the form of lynchings between December 1918 and January 1920. As a result, the interwar years and the start of World War II roughly two decades later renewed the desire to utilize military service as a way to influence US legal, social, cultural, and economic structures that limited African American citizenship.

The Scottish Soldier and Scotland, 1914–1918

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hew Strachan
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
War Poetry ◽  
Literary Representation ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Local Impact ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
First World

This chapter addresses Scottish military service during the First World War, showing how from having underperformed before the war, Scotland overperformed during the war’s first two years. Particularly striking was how many recruits came from agricultural backgrounds, although in absolute terms the big cities still contributed more men. As the Territorial Army (TA) was the principal Scottish route into the army, the battle of Loos in October 1915 had an enormous local impact: this was Scotland’s equivalent of the Somme. Every Scottish infantry regiment was represented, and both the 9th and 15th Scottish Divisions were TA Lowland Divisions. From Loos came the literary representation of the war, especially Ian Hay’s The First Hundred Thousand and John Buchan’s war poetry. The effect of the First World War, with Scottish infantry regiments raising twenty-plus battalions, was to disseminate those regimental identities much more widely across Scottish society. An enhanced Scottish identity was created, and it emerged in a military context. Overwhelmingly this identity was set within the context of the Union and the empire.

scholarly journals THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LEGAL AND REGULATORY LEGISLATION ON PRESERVATION OF HEALTH IN QUARANTINE CONDITIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 465-468
Author(s):  
Oksana Shukatka ◽  
Illya Kryvoruchko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
First World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First World

The article raises an issue of preservation and strengthening health in pandemic conditions, because self-isolation and restrictions on the movement of people cause the loss of physical activity and the emergence of chronic diseases. It is known that all quarantine restrictions and rules are being created and regulated by the state at the legislative level. We appeal to the primary sources of quarantine legislation for deeper understanding of the issue. The purpose of the article is to investigate the historical background of legal and regulatory legislation on preservation of health in quarantine conditions. The following methods of analysis have been used: comparison and synthesis of theoretical data. The period of formation of quarantine legislation is divided into 3 phases: the period of the Middle Ages, the period before the First World War (the 19th century) and the postwar period. The article investigates the history of conduction of the first quarantine measures in Europe during the Middle Ages and the history of creation of the first quarantine legislation in Venice, Hetmanshchyna and the Russian Empire during the 14th – 18th centuries. It has been revealed that the rules of the fight against the spread of epidemiological diseases were established in the 19th century, the first international sanitary conventions and medical authorities in the Russian and Ottoman Empires were created to slow the spread of such dangerous diseases as cholera, plague and yellow fever, not harming the free international trade at that time. The article analyses the results of the first (1851), the fourth (1874) and the seventh (1892) International Sanitary Conferences and the positive and negative consequences of them. It also describes the creation of the first international medical organisations, such as the Office International d'Hygiène Publique (L'Office International d'Hygiene Publique), established in 1907, the Health Organization of the League of Nations, established in 1923 after the First World War, the Hygiene Committee of the League of Nations, established in 1926, and the World Health Organisation (WHO), established in April, 7, 1948 as the medical authority of the United Nations Organisation. The article generalizes the aims of the above-mentioned organisations and their contribution to the combat against the epidemiological diseases of the first half of the 20th century. It has been concluded that we should adhere to the classical principles of the preservation of health in the conditions of coronavirus pandemic to effectively withstand the spread of this virus.

scholarly journals Early Results From the ‘Diggers to Veterans’ Longitudinal Study of Australian Men who Served in the First World War. Short- and Long-Term Mortality of Early Enlisters

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 52-72
Author(s):  
Janet McCalman ◽  
Rebecca Kippen ◽  
Joan McMeeken ◽  
John Hopper ◽  
Michael Reade
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
First World War ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
World War ◽  
Civilian Life ◽  
Early Results ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
First World

As the world marks the centenaries of the First World War, we still know remarkably little about the life course effects of military service. This paper reports on the first iteration of a cradle-to-grave dataset of men who enlisted and served overseas in the First World War from the state of Victoria, Australia. It examines mortality during military service and in civilian life and finds that mortality in both cases was strongly correlated with individual characteristics. Tall men and young single men were more likely to die in the war. In civilian life, mortality followed closely the pattern for Australian men, and was again highly correlated with individual characteristics and social class.

Frenchmen in the AIF: French–Australian identities during the First World War

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 294-306
Author(s):  
Pauline Georgelin
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Unique Position ◽  
Conflicting Demands ◽  
French Military ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World ◽  
French Identity

This article investigates the participation of French-born soldiers in the AIF – Australia’s volunteer army during the First World War. While the AIF counted men from many different ethnic and cultural backgrounds, the experiences of the French-born Diggers is yet to be fully explored. This article analyses the detailed profiles of these men contained in their military files and demonstrates how they are emblematic of the diverse nature of the French community in Australia. French-born residents of Australia were in a unique position, as they were also liable for French military service. This article explores the motivations and implications of their choices. It also draws on French archival sources to provide a transnational perspective, framing the soldiers’ experiences within the broader context of the conflicting demands of the French and Australian governments, and how French identity was expressed from both above and below.

scholarly journals Emigrant Draft Evasion in the First World War: Decision-Making and Emotional Consequences in the Transatlantic Italian family

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-188
Author(s):  
Selena Daly
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Military Service ◽  
First World War ◽  
Personal Relationships ◽  
World War ◽  
Italian Family ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

In 1911, Italians living abroad constituted one-sixth of Italy’s population, numbering roughly five million people. During the First World War, approximately 300,000 men returned from the Americas and other European countries to answer the call to arms and complete their military service. However, this number constitutes only 13 per cent of those men living abroad who were liable for conscription. Thus, this article will examine the larger phenomenon of draft evasion among emigrant Italians across the Atlantic, where most evaders resided. I will begin by analysing evasion in the context of Italian mobilization and the factors influencing emigrants’ decision-making. I argue that the decision was a joint one, negotiated between family members on both sides of the ocean. I will thus also explore the impact of this decision on personal relationships, through three case studies of familial separation initially caused by emigration and then compounded by draft evasion: a husband in California and his wife in Liguria; a son in the Dominican Republic and his mother in Calabria; and a woman in Argentina whose husband had evaded the draft, and her sister in Liguria, exploring the emotional toll this decision took on them and their loved ones.

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