scholarly journals Early intervention and prevention of allergic diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brough H.A. ◽  
Bruce Lanser ◽  
Sayantani Sindher ◽  
Joyce Teng ◽  
Donald Leung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Epidermal Barrier ◽  
Diet Diversity ◽  
Infant Diet ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
Genetic Contributions

Food Allergy (FA) is now one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood often lasting throughout life and leading to significant worldwide healthcare burden. The precise mechanisms responsible for the development of this inflammatory condition are largely unknown; however, a multifactorial aetiology involving both environmental and genetic contributions is well accepted. A precise understanding of the pathogenesis of FA is an essential first step to developing comprehensive prevention strategies that could mitigate this epidemic. As it is frequently preceded by atopic dermatitis and can be prevented by early antigen introduction, the development of FA is likely facilitated by the improper initial presentation of antigen to the developing immune system. Primary oral exposure of antigens allowing for presentation via a well-developed mucosal immune system, rather than through a disrupted skin epidermal barrier, is essential to prevent FA. In this review, we present the data supporting the necessity of 1) an intact epidermal barrier to prevent epicutaneous antigen presentation, 2) the presence of specific commensal bacteria to maintain an intact mucosal immune system and 3) maternal/infant diet diversity, including vitamins and minerals, and appropriately timed allergenic food introduction to prevent FA.

scholarly journals The role of gut-associated lymphoid tissues and mucosal defence

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (S1) ◽  
pp. S41-S48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Forchielli ◽  
W. Allan Walker
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Atopic Disease ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Bacterial Invasion ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Protective Function

The newborn infant leaves a germ-free intrauterine environment to enter a contaminated extrauterine world and must have adequate intestinal defences to prevent the expression of clinical gastrointestinal disease states. Although the intestinal mucosal immune system is fully developed after a full-term birth, the actual protective function of the gut requires the microbial stimulation of initial bacterial colonization. Breast milk contains prebiotic oligosaccharides, like inulin-type fructans, which are not digested in the small intestine but enter the colon as intact large carbohydrates that are then fermented by the resident bacteria to produce SCFA. The nature of this fermentation and the consequent pH of the intestinal contents dictate proliferation of specific resident bacteria. For example, breast milk-fed infants with prebiotics present in breast milk produce an increased proliferation of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli (probiotics), whereas formula-fed infants produce more enterococci and enterobacteria. Probiotics, stimulated by prebiotic fermentation, are important to the development and sustainment of intestinal defences. For example, probiotics can stimulate the synthesis and secretion of polymeric IgA, the antibody that coats and protects mucosal surfaces against harmful bacterial invasion. In addition, appropriate colonization with probiotics helps to produce a balanced T helper cell response (Th1 = Th2 = Th3/Tr1) and prevent an imbalance (Th1 > Th2 or Th2 > Th1) contributing in part to clinical disease (Th2 imbalance contributes to atopic disease and Th1 imbalance contributes to Crohn's disease andHelicobacter pylori-induced gastritis). Furthermore, a series of pattern recognition receptors, toll-like receptors on gut lymphoid and epithelial cells that interact with bacterial molecular patterns (e.g. endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), flagellin, etc.), help modulate intestinal innate immunity and an appropriate adaptive immune response. Animal and clinical studies have shown that inulin-type fructans will stimulate an increase in probiotics (commensal bacteria) and these bacteria have been shown to modulate the development and persistence of appropriate mucosal immune responses. However, additional studies are needed to show that prebiotics can directly or indirectly stimulate intestinal host defences. If this can be demonstrated, then prebiotics can be used as a dietary supplement to stimulate a balanced and an appropriately effective mucosal immune system in newborns and infants.

The IgA Mucosal Immune System

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 384-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Lamm
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Mucosal Immune System

Molecular basis of the mucosal immune system: from fundamental concepts to advances in liposome-based vaccines

Nanomedicine ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 1617-1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shailja Tiwari ◽  
Govind P Agrawal ◽  
Suresh P Vyas
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Mucosal Immune System

scholarly journals Functional Foxp3+ CD4+ CD25(Bright+) “Natural” Regulatory T Cells Are Abundant in Rabbit Conjunctiva and Suppress Virus-Specific CD4+ and CD8+ Effector T Cells during Ocular Herpes Infection

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (14) ◽  
pp. 7647-7661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony B. Nesburn ◽  
Ilham Bettahi ◽  
Gargi Dasgupta ◽  
Alami Aziz Chentoufi ◽  
Xiuli Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Ocular Infection ◽  
Bulbar Conjunctiva ◽  
Herpes Infection ◽  
Ocular Herpes ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT We studied the phenotype and distribution of “naturally” occurring CD4+ CD25+ T regulatory cells (CD4+ CD25+ nTreg cells) resident in rabbit conjunctiva, the main T-cell inductive site of the ocular mucosal immune system, and we investigated their suppressive capacities using herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-specific effector T (Teff) cells induced during ocular infection. The expression of CD4, CD25, CTLA4, GITR, and Foxp3 was examined by reverse transcription-PCR, Western blotting, and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis in CD45+ pan-leukocytes isolated from conjunctiva, spleen, and peripheral blood monocyte cells (PBMC) of HSV-1-infected and uninfected rabbits. Normal conjunctiva showed a higher frequency of CD4+ CD25(Bright+) T cells than did spleen and PBMC. These cells expressed high levels of Foxp3, GITR, and CTLA4 molecules. CD4+ CD25(Bright+) T cells were localized continuously along the upper and lower palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, throughout the epithelium and substantia propria. Conjunctiva-derived CD4+ CD25(Bright+) T cells, but not CD4+ CD25(low) T cells, efficiently suppressed HSV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ Teff cells. The CD4+ CD25(Bright+) T-cell-mediated suppression was effective on both peripheral blood and conjunctiva infiltrating Teff cells and was cell-cell contact dependent but independent of interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor β. Interestingly, during an ocular herpes infection, there was a selective increase in the frequency and suppressive capacity of Foxp3+ CD4+ CD25(Bright+) T cells in conjunctiva but not in the spleen or in peripheral blood. Altogether, these results provide the first evidence that functional Foxp3+ CD4+ CD25(Bright+) Treg cells accumulate in the conjunctiva. It remains to be determined whether conjunctiva CD4+ CD25+ nTreg cells affect the topical/mucosal delivery of subunit vaccines that stimulate the ocular mucosal immune system.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Probiotic Yeast Saccharomyces boulardii in the Healthy Mucosal Immune System

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e0153351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren E. Hudson ◽  
Courtney D. McDermott ◽  
Taryn P. Stewart ◽  
William H. Hudson ◽  
Daniel Rios ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Saccharomyces Boulardii ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Probiotic Yeast
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