scholarly journals The impact of closed depressions on soil organic carbon storage in eroded loess landscapes of E Poland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Kołodyńska-Gawrysiak ◽  
Leszek Gawrysiak ◽  
Jean Poesen ◽  
Andrzej Plak
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Soil Carbon Storage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Organic Carbon Storage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Storage

Soil erosion is an important problem in the loess landscapes of Europe, resulting in a lowering of soil quality and landscape changes. As a result of soil erosion, SOC is redistributed and stored in SOC pools within the landscape. Understanding the SOC dynamics is important because changes in the SOC stocks may have large impacts on global climate change. Closed depressions (CDs) in loess landscapes collect colluvial sediments resulting from soil erosion and constitute sediment stores enabling the calculation of soil erosion phases and rates. CDs are also SOC pools enabling assessing of SOC erosion and storage in loess landscapes over long periods. Colluvial sediments and fossil soils, infilling five representative CDs in the Polish loess areas used for agriculture during several millennia, were documented. The mean SOC content in CDs were calculated, the area of CDs at the regional scale were mapped. Between 11.66 and 31.78 Mg of SOC are stored in each CD. The SOC within CDs represents a significant SOC storage in the landscape of the studied region and can reach values between 178.96 and 206.73 Mg·ha-1(mean 192.85 Mg·ha-1), the SOC content in the soil cover of the surrounding eroded slopes and plateaus is 102.38 Mg·ha-1. This study indicates that CDs are a key morphological features for a better understanding of the spatial distribution of SOC in agricultural used loess landscapes of eastern Poland. SOC storage in CDs needs to be taken into account when calculating total soil carbon storage at the regional scale.

scholarly journals Large but decreasing effect of ozone on the European carbon sink

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (13) ◽  
pp. 4245-4269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca J. Oliver ◽  
Lina M. Mercado ◽  
Stephen Sitch ◽  
David Simpson ◽  
Belinda E. Medlyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Background Concentrations ◽  
Tropospheric O3 ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The capacity of the terrestrial biosphere to sequester carbon and mitigate climate change is governed by the ability of vegetation to remove emissions of CO2 through photosynthesis. Tropospheric O3, a globally abundant and potent greenhouse gas, is, however, known to damage plants, causing reductions in primary productivity. Despite emission control policies across Europe, background concentrations of tropospheric O3 have risen significantly over the last decades due to hemispheric-scale increases in O3 and its precursors. Therefore, plants are exposed to increasing background concentrations, at levels currently causing chronic damage. Studying the impact of O3 on European vegetation at the regional scale is important for gaining greater understanding of the impact of O3 on the land carbon sink at large spatial scales. In this work we take a regional approach and update the JULES land surface model using new measurements specifically for European vegetation. Given the importance of stomatal conductance in determining the flux of O3 into plants, we implement an alternative stomatal closure parameterisation and account for diurnal variations in O3 concentration in our simulations. We conduct our analysis specifically for the European region to quantify the impact of the interactive effects of tropospheric O3 and CO2 on gross primary productivity (GPP) and land carbon storage across Europe. A factorial set of model experiments showed that tropospheric O3 can suppress terrestrial carbon uptake across Europe over the period 1901 to 2050. By 2050, simulated GPP was reduced by 4 to 9 % due to plant O3 damage and land carbon storage was reduced by 3 to 7 %. The combined physiological effects of elevated future CO2 (acting to reduce stomatal opening) and reductions in O3 concentrations resulted in reduced O3 damage in the future. This alleviation of O3 damage by CO2-induced stomatal closure was around 1 to 2 % for both land carbon and GPP, depending on plant sensitivity to O3. Reduced land carbon storage resulted from diminished soil carbon stocks consistent with the reduction in GPP. Regional variations are identified with larger impacts shown for temperate Europe (GPP reduced by 10 to 20 %) compared to boreal regions (GPP reduced by 2 to 8 %). These results highlight that O3 damage needs to be considered when predicting GPP and land carbon, and that the effects of O3 on plant physiology need to be considered in regional land carbon cycle assessments.

Prediction and digital mapping of soil carbon storage in the Lower Namoi Valley

Soil Research ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Budiman Minasny ◽  
Alex. B. McBratney ◽  
M. L. Mendonça-Santos ◽  
I. O. A. Odeh ◽  
Brice Guyon
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions ◽  
Soil Carbon Storage ◽  
Depth Function ◽  
Terrain Attributes ◽  
Organic Carbon Storage

Estimation and mapping carbon storage in the soil is currently an important topic; thus, the knowledge of the distribution of carbon content with depth is essential. This paper examines the use of a negative exponential profile depth function to describe the soil carbon data at different depths, and its integral to represent the carbon storage. A novel method is then proposed for mapping the soil carbon storage in the Lower Namoi Valley, NSW. This involves deriving pedotransfer functions to predict soil organic carbon and bulk density, fitting the exponential depth function to the carbon profile data, deriving a neural network model to predict parameters of the exponential function from environmental data, and mapping the organic carbon storage. The exponential depth function is shown to fit the soil carbon data adequately, and the parameters also reflect the influence of soil order. The parameters of the exponential depth function were predicted from land use, radiometric K, and terrain attributes. Using the estimated parameters we map the carbon storage of the area from surface to a depth of 1 m. The organic carbon storage map shows the high influence of land use on the predicted storage. Values of 15–22 kg/m2 were predicted for the forested area and 2–6 kg/m2 in the cultivated area in the plains.

Standardizing Instructions for Ice and Cold Pack Use Can Mitigate Summer Temperatures on Two Commercially Available Outdoor Courier Lockboxes

2021 ◽  
Vol 156 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S119-S120
Author(s):  
S A Hart ◽  
J R Wiencek
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Cold Pack ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Storage

Abstract Introduction/Objective Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document GP44 recommends samples avoid temperatures >22°C during sample transport and storage. Outdoor courier lockboxes used in external sample transport can experience extreme temperatures (>40°C) in the summer. Ice (frozen at -20°C) and cold (refrigerated at 4-8°C) packs can be used to reduce internal lockbox temperatures during hot summer days. Unfortunately, there are no universally accepted instructions to maintain internal lockbox temperatures during these conditions. Therefore, our goal was to elucidate the impact of placing ice and cold packs at two specific time points to mitigate external summer temperatures in two commercially available outdoor courier lockboxes used at our institution. Methods/Case Report Two pairs of uniquely manufactured courier lockboxes (steel vs. urethane polymer) were placed outside in direct sunlight in Nashville, Tennessee during the second week of June 2021. Ambient outdoor and lockbox temperatures were monitored using data loggers during a four-day cycle. Each type of lockbox design had a control with no ice or cold packs. These controls were then compared to each experimental, paired lockbox with four ice packs placed at 8am and replaced with four cold packs at 4pm. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) The mean ambient outdoor temperature over these four days was 27.7°C (range: 22.2-39.8°C). Temperatures within the steel and urethane polymer lockboxes without ice or cold packs was 28.3°C (range: 22.4-40.8°C) and 31.6°C (range: 23.8-41.0°C), respectively. The addition of four ice packs at 8am and replaced with four cold packs at 4pm reduced temperatures in the steel box to 24.3°C (range: 17.4-27.9°C) whereas in the urethane polymer box temperatures were reduced to 13.4°C (range: 6.6-18.1°C). Conclusion Temperatures inside outdoor lockboxes can increase in summer commonly above the outdoor ambient temperature. Standardizing instructions for ice and cold packs can reduce internal outdoor courier lockbox temperatures during summer months, especially in urethane polymer lockboxes.

scholarly journals Effect of ZnSO4 fertilizer on soil chemical properties, performance and proximate quality of sweet potato in a derived savanna ecology of Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 644-651
Author(s):  
A.O. Adekiya ◽  
C.M. Aboyeji ◽  
T.M. Agbede ◽  
O. Dunsin ◽  
O.T.V. Adebiyi
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Storage Root ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Storage

Abstract Micro-nutrients especially zinc can not only increase the yield of sweet potato but can also improve the quality of tubers. Hence, experiments were carried out in 2015 and 2016 cropping seasons to determine the impact of various levels of ZnSO4 fertilizer on soil chemical properties, foliage and storage root yields and proximate qualities of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.). The experiments consisted of 5 levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 kg ha-1) of ZnSO4 fertilizer. These were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. ZnSO4 increased (with the exception of P) soil chemical properties compared with the control. N, K, Ca, Mg and Zn were increased up to the 20 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 level in both years. ZnSO4 reduced P concentrations in soil as the level increased. For sweet potato performance, 5 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 fertilizer had the highest values of foliage yield (vine length and vine weight) and storage root yield. Using the mean of the two years and compared with the control, ZnSO4 fertilizer at 5 kg ha-1 increased storage root yield of sweet potato by 17.4%. On fitting the mean storage root yield data of the two years with a cubic equation, the optimum rate of Zn for sweet potato was found to be 3.9 kg ha-1 to achieve the maximum sweet potato yield. In this study, relative to the control, ZnSO4 fertilizer increased moisture and decreased the fibre contents of sweet potato. There were no consistent patterns of variation between the 5, 10, 15 and 20 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 treatments for proximate qualities except that the highest values of fat, protein, carbohydrate and ash was at 5 kg ha-1 ZnSO4.

A strategy for estimating the impact of CO2fertilization on soil carbon storage

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Harrison ◽  
Wallace Broecker ◽  
Georges Bonani
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Soil Carbon Storage ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Modeling the Impact of Climate Change and Land Use Change Scenarios on Soil Erosion at the Minab Dam Watershed

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Azimi Sardari ◽  
Ommolbanin Bazrafshan ◽  
Thomas Panagopoulos ◽  
Elham Rafiei Sardooi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Future Period ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact

Climate and land use change can influence susceptibility to erosion and consequently land degradation. The aim of this study was to investigate in the baseline and a future period, the land use and climate change effects on soil erosion at an important dam watershed occupying a strategic position on the narrow Strait of Hormuz. The future climate change at the study area was inferred using statistical downscaling and validated by the Canadian earth system model (CanESM2). The future land use change was also simulated using the Markov chain and artificial neural network, and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation was adopted to estimate soil loss under climate and land use change scenarios. Results show that rainfall erosivity (R factor) will increase under all Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. The highest amount of R was 40.6 MJ mm ha−1 h−1y−1 in 2030 under RPC 2.6. Future land use/land cover showed rangelands turning into agricultural lands, vegetation cover degradation and an increased soil cover among others. The change of C and R factors represented most of the increase of soil erosion and sediment production in the study area during the future period. The highest erosion during the future period was predicted to reach 14.5 t ha−1 y−1, which will generate 5.52 t ha−1 y−1 sediment. The difference between estimated and observed sediment was 1.42 t ha−1 year−1 at the baseline period. Among the soil erosion factors, soil cover (C factor) is the one that watershed managers could influence most in order to reduce soil loss and alleviate the negative effects of climate change.

Numerical modelling assessment of glacier surge impact on observed elevation change signals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Vieli
Keyword(s):  
Large Population ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Climate Forcing ◽  
Mass Change ◽  
Elevation Change ◽  
Elevation Changes ◽  
Glacier Surges ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

<p>Glacier surges periodically move ice masses to lower elevations and hence produce dynamic patterns of substantial thinning and thickening, but the net mass change over a typical time period of elevation change assessment of a few years to decades is not obvious.  Surging glaciers may therefore affect regional scale elevation change assessments as acquired from differencing of remotely sensed elevations, as for example for the observed Karakoram mass gain anomaly.</p><p>In this study I synthetically model glacier surges for a range of glacier sizes (slopes, thicknesses) and investigate the impact on the surface elevation change and total mass change for a typical range of surge durations, intensities and periods.</p><p>When keeping the climate forcing constant I find that the mean glacier elevation (or volume) is almost symmetric around the surge phase. Hence, when sampling elevation change over a large population of glaciers with randomly occurring surges there is little impact on the detected average elevation changes over all glaciers. The exceptions are steep glaciers which produce very short advance phases and much more extended phases of mass recovery. When sampling elevation change over a couple of years to decades, it is therefore much more likely to detect a thickening and therefore the population mean is biased to positive elevation change values.</p><p>When assessing mean elevation change on a regional scale, usually one fixed glacier outline is chosen for masking the data. However, for surging glaciers the extent can undergo large fluctuations. I therefore further assess the mean elevation change for glaciers extent masks that are varying between the maximum and minimum values of a surge. Despite a constant climate, the mean elevation change turns out to be increasingly biased towards detecting a thickening signal the further upstream the glacier extent is taken. This implies that for minimizing this thickening bias from glacier surges in assessing regional elevation change, glacier outline masks from their most extensive extents should be used.</p><p>Further modelling experiment showed that, the results are still valid when prescribing a variable climate forcing, but the surging effect is slightly subdued.  </p>

Land Management History of Canadian Grasslands and the Impact on Soil Carbon Storage

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu. Wang ◽  
A.J. VandenBygaart ◽  
Brian C. McConkey
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Land Management ◽  
Soil Carbon Storage ◽  
Management History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Hydro-meteorological Impact on Malaria Diseases at Regional Scale in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reshama Kumari ◽  
Krushna Chandra Gouda ◽  
Ujjwal Singh ◽  
Petr Maca ◽  
Kantha Rao Bimla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Meteorological Variables ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
The Impact

<p>Several studies have revealed that rainfall and temperature are highly correlated with malaria spread. There are several studies relating the combined effect of hydrological and meteorological information for the malaria diseases<sup>1–4</sup> . In this study, attempts are being made for assessing the combined effect of hydro-meteorological variables on malaria disease at the regional scale. It reveals that evaporation is one of the essential climatic variables in this context, which is jointly derived by hydrological and meteorological variables. To our best knowledge, there are very few studies which have been performed to analyse the relations between malaria and the ratio of precipitation (P) and actual evaporation (AET). This study analyses the impact of the ratio of P and actual AET on malaria diseases. The work has performed at regional scale using annual data of malaria disease over the Tirap district of Arunachal Pradesh in India. Annual P data from Indian Meteorological (IMD) and GRUN<sup>5</sup>  global surface runoff during the period of 1995 to 2012 are used for this analysis. The AET was estimated as difference e between P and runoff time series. The AET and P relationship with Plasmodium vivax (PV), Plasmodium falciparum (PF) is analysed. The sum of PV and PF is BSB indicator, it shows the total number of people affected by malaria. The study has revealed that fraction P/AET is negatively correlated with PV, PB and BSB. In comparison to hydrological and meteorological variables like P, surface runoff, AET and AET/P which are mostly positively correlated with BSB, PV and PF. This preliminary result will be further explored in order to find a connection on improving the forecast of malaria diseases using hydrometeorological inputs for better health management In the studied district.</p><p> </p><p>References</p><ol><li>Martens W J, Niessen L W, Rotmans J, Jetten T H & McMichael A J. Potential impact of global climate change on malaria risk. Environ. Health Perspect. <strong>103</strong>, 458–464 (1995).</li> <li>Blanford, J. I. et al. Implications of temperature variation for malaria parasite development across Africa. Sci. Rep. <strong>3</strong>, 1–11 (2013).</li> <li>Kim, Y. et al. Malaria predictions based on seasonal climate forecasts in South Africa: A time series distributed lag nonlinear model. Sci. Rep. <strong>9</strong>, 1–10 (2019).</li> <li>Kibret, S., Ryder, D., Wilson, G. G. & Kumar, L. Modeling reservoir management for malaria control in Ethiopia. Sci. Rep. <strong>9</strong>, 1–11 (2019).</li> <li>Gudmundsson, L. & Seneviratne, S. I. Observation-based gridded runoff estimates for Europe (E-RUN version 1.1). Earth Syst. Sci. Data <strong>8</strong>, 279–295 (2016).</li> </ol>

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