scholarly journals The influence of traditional Chinese landscape architecture on the image of small architectural forms in Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Maria Żychowska ◽  
Yulia Ivashko ◽  
Peng Chang ◽  
Andrii Dmytrenko ◽  
Nataliia Kulichenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Landscape Architecture ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Architectural Practice ◽  
Natural Beauty ◽  
Hierarchical Levels ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Contemporary Chinese ◽  
False Idea ◽  
Careful Design

The article analyzes the influence of traditional Chinese landscape architecture on the shaping of European small architectural forms and the influence of European architecture on contemporary Chinese architectural practice. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the architectural mutual influences of Chinese and European cultures. The method of historical analysis, the method of comparative analysis and the graphoanalytical method are used. The lack of identity between the Chinese and European gardens and the park with the pavilions is proved at the different hierarchical levels. Two groups of European Chinoiserie style pavilions have been identified: which give a false idea of Chinese architectural traditions and which represent a simplified version of those traditions. There is noticed the influence of the traditional Chinese approach to the architectural objects placement in the natural environment on the development of the contextualism concept in Western architecture (since the 1960s) which proclaims its purpose to preserve the natural beauty of the site through careful design that relates to its surroundings. The concept of contextualism is now widely used in the design of small architectural forms in the urban environment and in the design of the architectural environment in general, both in Europe and in China. This is a clear example of mutual enrichment with the ideas of two civilizations, each of which preserves its own culture.

Poisoned Earth

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Jones
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Social Activism ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Natural Beauty ◽  
Green Business ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Start Ups

The chapter examines green business during the 1960s and 1970, decades of new environmental awareness. In organic food natural beauty, a number of commercially viable green businesses and brands began to be built, and distribution channels created. There was significant innovation in wind and solar energy in the wake of the first oil crises although they remained marginal in the energy industry. Green entrepreneurs still faced huge obstacles finding both capital and consumers. In the case of the capital-intensive solar energy business, the main solution was to sell start-ups to cash-rich oil companies. Green businesses clustered in hubs of environmental and social activism, such as Berkeley and Boulder in the United States, Allgäu in Germany, and rural areas of Denmark. These clusters enabled small firms to build skills and competences which could eventually be used to expand into more mainstream locations.

The Revival of Quantification: Reflections on Old New Histories

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Steven Ruggles
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social History ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second Wave

AbstractQuantitative historical analysis in the United States surged in three distinct waves. The first quantitative wave occurred as part of the “New History” that blossomed in the early twentieth century and disappeared in the 1940s and 1950s with the rise of consensus history. The second wave thrived from the 1960s to the 1980s during the ascendance of the New Economic History, the New Political History, and the New Social History, and died out during the “cultural turn” of the late twentieth century. The third wave of historical quantification—which I call the revival of quantification—emerged in the second decade of the twenty-first century and is still underway. I describe characteristics of each wave and discuss the historiographical context of the ebb and flow of quantification in history.

Nature and Nurture Lessons from Swedish Adoption Surveys

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bohman
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
Adopted Children ◽  
World War ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Nature And Nurture ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second World

The following article by Professor Michael Bohman begins with a brief historical analysis of child development theory in relation to adoption and fostering after the end of the Second World War. The author goes on to review research findings from a series of Swedish adoption surveys which began under his supervision in the 1960s and continue to this day. Much attention is given to the significance of genetic and environmental factors towards shaping the development of adopted children into adulthood. Problems of social and psychological adjustment are discussed, as are the genetic aspects of criminality and alcohol misuse in a group of adult adopted people.

scholarly journals FORECASTING THE DIRECTIONS OF MODERNIZATION OF ECONOMIC SECTORS AND REGIONS OF THE COUNTRY DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EIGHTH TECHNOLOGICAL ORDER

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 23-42
Author(s):  
Valery V. Glushchenko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Ecosystem Approach ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Analysis Theory ◽  
Methods Of Synthesis ◽  
Expert Assessments ◽  
Project Model

The subject of the article is forecasting the directions of modernization of economic sectors and regions of the country during the development of the eighth technological order (ETO); the object of the article is the 8th technological order in the economy of the country; the purpose of the work is to reduce the risks of sustainable development of the economy and society during the formation of the eighth technological order; to achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved: synthesis of a systematic and descriptive model of the 8th technological order (ETO); formation of sectoral system models of scientific and technological development (fuel and energy complex, military-technical sphere, country region); formation of a project model of organizations' activities; comparative analysis of process and subject models of organization functioning; analysis of factors and methods of synthesis of innovative ideas during the formation of the 8th technological order; comparative analysis of three conceptual approaches in the modernization of the economy (theory of technological orders; ecosystem approach; concepts of convergent (nature-like) technologies); description of methods for modeling innovative projects; study of methods for forming an innovative project business plan; scientific methods in the article are historical analysis; theory of technological orders, theory of forecasting and planning, heuristic synthesis, modeling, logical and structural analysis of projects, expert assessments; scientific novelty of the article is determined by: development of methods for forecasting the processes of modernization of economic sectors and regions of the country; comparative analysis of three concepts of modernization (theory of technological orders; ecosystem approach; the concept of the development of nature-like technologies); the development of a conceptual approach to the modernization of large technological systems within the framework of the theory of technological orders.

Legacies of the 1960s: The American “Rights Revolution” in an Era of Divided Governance

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Davis Graham
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Science Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Temporal Perspective ◽  
The 1960S

Scholarship on the political development of the United States since the 1960s is dominated, not surprisingly, by social scientists. Such recent events fall within the penumbra of “contemporary history,” the standard research domain of social scientists but treacherous terrain for historians. Social scientists studying American government and society generally enjoy prompt access to evidence of the policy-making process–documents from the elected and judicial branches of government, interviews with policy elites, voting returns, survey research. Historians of the recent past, on the other hand, generally lack two crucial ingredients–temporal perspective and archival evidence–that distinguish historical analysis from social science research. For these reasons, social scientists (and journalists) customarily define the initial terms of policy debate and shape the conventional wisdom. Historians weigh in later, when memories fade, archives open, and the clock adds a relentless and inherently revisionist accumulation of hindsight.

The Marxian Materialist Interpretation of History and Comparative Sociology

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 452-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Rezaev ◽  
Dmitrii M. Zhikharevich ◽  
Pavel P. Lisitsyn
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Comparative Sociology ◽  
Quantitative Variable ◽  
Comparative Historical Analysis ◽  
Materialist Interpretation ◽  
Mode Of Production

The paper argues that a materialistic understanding of history as Marx’s sociological research program has effectively been implemented in the comparative analysis of bourgeois societies. Both qualitative/case-oriented and quantitative/variable-oriented strategies of comparison were employed by Marx in his scholarship. The authors see the crucial dimension of the classical status of Marx in his engagement with historical comparisons – an analytical tendency he shares with Weber and, to some extent, Durkheim. A short historical exposition tracing the early reception of Marx in sociology continues with the most important contemporary criticisms of Marx’s comparative-historical analysis, focusing on the issues of Asiatic mode of production, the nature of European feudalism and the problem of capitalist rationality.

Expulsion Litigation and the Limits of in Loco Parentis, 1860-1960

2014 ◽  
Vol 116 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Scott Gelber
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Student Rights ◽  
Underlying Assumption ◽  
American Higher Education ◽  
Legal Traditions ◽  
In Loco Parentis ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Faculty And Administrators

Background/Context Legal scholars often contrast the litigiousness of contemporary American higher education with a bygone era characterized by near-absolute respect for academic authority. According to this account, a doctrine of “academic deference” insulated colleges until the 1960s, when campus protests and new federal regulations dramatically heightened the intensity of legal oversight. This study tests that conventional wisdom, and its underlying assumption about the origins of student rights, by analyzing expulsion suits during the 100 years before 1960. Purpose Faculty and administrators tend to question if external legal pressure can play a constructive role in debates about higher education. This predisposition tempts us to invoke an earlier era of in loco parentis in order to portray institutional autonomy as a time-honored source of academic achievement. By highlighting overlooked state statutes (especially regarding public institutions) and contractual obligations (especially regarding private institutions), this study examines whether the power to discipline students in loco parentis actually triumphed prior to the 1960s. Research Design The study presents a historical analysis of the 44 college expulsion cases that were reported between 1860 and 1960. Examination of reported decisions was supplemented by archival research regarding landmark cases. Conclusions/Recommendations This study concludes that courts regularly reinstated expelled students during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These cases indicate that the power to act in loco parentis was limited by a countervailing tradition that emphasized college access and compelled institutions to provide due process prior to dismissal. This early strain of decisions laid the groundwork for the more expansive view of student rights that emerged during the 20th century. This finding encourages faculty and administrators to recognize the legal traditions and student dissenters that helped to enshrine accessibility as a defining feature of American higher education.

Kurokawa, Kishō [黒川紀章] (1934–2007)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neilton Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Gold Medal ◽  
Bachelor's Degree ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Doctoral Studies ◽  
Architectural Practice ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Richard Neutra ◽  
The University

Kishō Kurokawa [黒川紀章] was born in 1934 in Kanie, Aichi prefecture, Japan, and studied architecture at Kyoto University, obtaining his bachelor’s degree in architecture in 1957. Further studies at the University of Tokyo under Kenzō Tange, graduating with a master’s degree from its Graduate School of Architecture in 1959, were followed by doctoral studies at the same institution until 1964. Kurokawa was a key proponent of Metabolism, the Japanese architectural movement that utilized biology as a metaphoric vehicle to reconfigure both the cityscape and architectural practice itself, and which came to attention at the World Design Conference 1960 in Tokyo. Founding his own practice, namely Kishō Kurokawa Architect & Associates (KKAA) in Tokyo in 1962, Kurokawa’s projects during the 1960s and 1970s were mainly located in Japan. They included the Resort Center Yamagata Hawaii Dreamland (1967) and the Nakagin Capsule Tower in Tokyo (1972), the latter being a key example of Metabolism. The late 1970s saw Kurokawa pursuing engagements overseas, and from the 1980s onwards he consolidated his activity abroad, including projects such as the Japanese-German Center of Berlin (1988), Melbourne Central (1991), the new exhibition wing at the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (1998), and Astana International Airport, Kazakhstan (2005). Kurokawa received numerous awards, including the Académie d’Architecture Gold Medal, France (1986), Richard Neutra Award, USA (1988), AIA Pacific Rim Award, USA (1997), Dedalo-Minosse International Prize, Malaysia (2003–2004), Walpole Medal of Excellence, UK (2005), and an International Architecture Award, USA (2006). Honorary doctorates were bestowed on Kurokawa by Sofia University, Bulgaria (1988), Newport Asia Pacific University (now Anaheim University), USA (1990), Albert Einstein International Academy Foundation, USA (1990), and the Universiti Putri Malaysia (2002). Kurokawa died of heart failure in 2007.

scholarly journals Gears Galore!

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (04) ◽  
pp. 51-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee S. Langston
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Jet Engines ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Jet Engine ◽  
The Status ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
A Company ◽  
Bypass Ratio

This paper presents a review of gas turbines and Honeywell, a company based in Phoenix, history. The article through the review and historical analysis intends to provide perspective on the status of geared fan engines. The addition of a fan to a jet engine, first proposed by Frank Whittle, one of the inventors of the jet engine, increases thrust and reduces fuel consumption. Pratt & Whitney and Rolls Royce were the first to develop a dual spool engine for more efficient operation over a range of flight conditions. Work started on the geared fan TFE731 at the Garrett AiResearch Phoenix Division in 1968. The TFE731 gearbox resulted in a gear reduction of 1.8:1, to power the fan for a 2.5 bypass ratio, which was very high for the 1960s. Honeywell also has another geared turbofan engine, the ALF502. It was developed by AVCO Lycoming in Stratford, Connecticut, and has a 6000–7000 lbt thrust range. Honeywell’s successful 45-year record of producing geared fan small gas turbines gives promise of a bright future for geared fans on large commercial jet engines, providing lower fuel consumption and less noise.

scholarly journals Social Change in Brazil Through Innovations and Social Movements

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-438
Author(s):  
Karina Maldonado-Mariscal
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Social Innovations ◽  
Cyclical Process ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Military

Social innovations and changes in educational systems are the cornerstones for success of emerging countries. Current developments in Brazil and heterogeneity of society make the country a perfect candidate to investigate these topics. Drawing on historical analysis and content analysis, the author builds a model that recognizes patterns of social change. This model enables to analyze social change through the interaction of radical changes, innovations, social movements, and reforms. This model is applied to two periods in Brazil, where social movements, like the revolution in the 1930s and the military coup in the 1960s, triggered a series of social changes. The findings of this study suggest that social change is a cyclical process where social innovations and educational change are involved. These findings have significant implications for our understanding of current changes in the Brazilian society and provide a key instrument for analyzing social change in other societies.

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