Social distance towards female sex workers and its relations to authoritarianism, social dominance orientation and self-respect

In this paper, we explored the in-group and outer-group social distance towards sex workers and its relations to authoritarianism, social dominance orientation and self-respect. The sample consisted of 92 participants from the general population and 45 female sex workers (age 18-50). The instruments used were the Bogardus social distance scale, the Authoritarianism scale UPA-S, the Social dominance orientation scale and the Rosenberg self-respect scale. The results indicate a rather high social distance towards sex workers, including the distance by the general population being higher than the distance of the sex workers towards their own group. The correlation of authoritarianism and social distance was significant, as was the correlation between authoritarian aggressiveness and stoicism and social distance. The relationship between social dominance orientation and self-respect and social distance in our research has been statistically insignificant, however it demonstrates the expected trends.

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Ambivalent Speciesism Scale: Development, Validity and Reliability

Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi ◽

10.7816/nesne-08-18-09 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (18) ◽

Keyword(s):

Animal Rights ◽

Social Dominance ◽

Animal Ethics ◽

High Reliability ◽

Social Dominance Orientation ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

The Social ◽

Orientation Scale ◽

Animal Use

The aim of this study is to develop a scale compatible with current animal ethics studies to measure the phenomenon of speciesism, that is marginalization of animals and prejudice and discrimination against animals. In order to develop the Ambivalent Speciesism Scale, an item pool was created by examining the animal ethics literature and social psychology studies on human-animal relations, and then the items were edited by taking the opinions of people studying animal rights and experts in measurement and evaluation in psychology. The scale is designed in 7-point Likert type. The trial form was applied to the participants together with the Speciesism Scale, the Social Dominance Orientation Scale and the Basic Empathy Scale. Participants were selected from individuals representing different lifestyles in the context of animal use, using the snowball sampling technique. The study was conducted with 288 participants; 64 men, 217 women and, 7 of whom are not of both genders. While there were 24 items in the trial form of the scale, nine of these items were eliminated as a result of the factor analysis. The final form of the scale with 15 items has a high reliability (.90). The items of the scale are divided into three dimensions: belief in human superiority, protective speciesism, and speciesism in language. It was determined that the scores obtained from the scale were in positive correlation with the scores obtained from the other scale measuring speciesism and the social dominance orientation scale, as expected. The scores obtained from the scale are distributed as expected among the groups that include lifestyles related to animal use. These data were evaluated as findings showing the validity of the scale. Keywords Speciesism, ambivalent speciesism scale, animal rights, discrimination, animal ethics

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Experiments in political psychology

10.31234/osf.io/c2a6b ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kyle Fischer ◽

Quentin Atkinson ◽

Ananish Chaudhuri

Keyword(s):

Social Dominance ◽

Political Ideology ◽

Ultimatum Game ◽

Social Dominance Orientation ◽

Right Wing ◽

Right Wing Authoritarianism ◽

The Social ◽

Orientation Scale ◽

The Right ◽

Social Conservatism

This chapter provides an overview of studies that use incentivised experiments to study political ideology. We look first at studies that conceptualise political ideology along a unidimensional liberal-conservative spectrum and explore whether there are behavioural differences between liberals and conservatives. While recent studies find that liberals display more pro-sociality, many other studies find that liberals and conservatives display similar levels of pro-social, ingroup-biased, normative, and punitive behaviour. We then turn to experiments that study two-dimensional political ideology as embodied in the concepts of economic conservatism/progressivism (often measured with the Social Dominance Orientation scale) and social conservatism/progressivism (usually measured with the Right-Wing Authoritarianism scale). In such experiments, economic conservatives display lower levels of pro-sociality and universalism and greater tolerance of inequality and tendencies to harm outgroups. Social conservatives tend to display “groupishness”, including distrusting anonymous strangers, cooperating with ingroup members, following rules, punishing in the ultimatum game, and sometimes harming outgroups.

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Characterizing the relationship between incarceration and structural risks among female sex workers in Iran: findings of a nationwide biobehavioral surveillance survey

Annals of Epidemiology ◽

10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.04.011 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 29-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mohammad Karamouzian ◽

Mostafa Shokoohi ◽

Rachel L. Kaplan ◽

Alireza Noroozi ◽

Hamid Sharifi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Workers ◽

Female Sex Workers ◽

Female Sex ◽

The Relationship

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Prevalence and incidence of HIV among female sex workers and their clients: modelling the potential effects of intervention in Rwanda

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002300 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (8) ◽

pp. e002300

Author(s):

Sabin Nsanzimana ◽

Edward J Mills ◽

Ofir Harari ◽

Placidie Mugwaneza ◽

Etienne Karita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Condom Use ◽

Sex Workers ◽

Female Sex Workers ◽

Hiv Prevalence ◽

Consistent Condom ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Hiv Incidence ◽

Female Sex ◽

Hiv Epidemic

BackgroundRwanda has identified several targeted HIV prevention strategies, such as promotion of condom use and provision of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for female sex workers (FSWs). Given this country’s limited resources, understanding how the HIV epidemic will be affected by these strategies is crucial.MethodsWe developed a Markov model to estimate the effects of targeted strategies to FSWs on the HIV prevalence/incidence in Rwanda from 2017 to 2027. Our model consists of the six states: HIV-; HIV+ undiagnosed/diagnosed pre-ART; HIV+ diagnosed with/without ART; and death. We considered three populations: FSWs, sex clients and the general population. For the period 2017–2027, the HIV epidemic among each of these population was estimated using Rwanda’s demographic, sexual risk behaviour and HIV-associated morbidity and mortality data.ResultsBetween 2017 and 2027, with no changes in the current condom and ART use, the overall number of people living with HIV is expected to increase from 344,971 to 402,451. HIV incidence will also decrease from 1.36 to 1.20 100 person-years. By 2027, a 30% improvement in consistent condom use among FSWs will result in absolute reduction of HIV prevalence among FSWs, sex clients and the general population by 7.86%, 5.97% and 0.17%, respectively. While recurring HIV testing and improving the ART coverage mildly reduced the prevalence/incidence among FSWs and sex clients, worsening the two (shown by our worst-case scenario) will result in an increase in the HIV prevalence/incidence among FSWs and sex clients. Introduction of PrEP to FSWs in 2019 will reduce the HIV incidence among FSWs by 1.28%.ConclusionsContinued efforts toward improving condom and ART use will be critical for Rwanda to continue their HIV epidemic control. Implementing a targeted intervention strategy in PrEP for FSWs will reduce the HIV epidemic in this high-risk population.

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New victimisations: female sex worker hate crime and the ‘ideal victim’

Revisiting the “Ideal Victim” ◽

10.1332/policypress/9781447338765.003.0007 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 103-122

Author(s):

Karen Corteen

Keyword(s):

Criminal Justice ◽

Social Construction ◽

Sex Workers ◽

Hate Crime ◽

Female Sex Workers ◽

Female Sex Worker ◽

Policy And Practice ◽

Sex Worker ◽

Female Sex ◽

The Social

Female sex worker victim characteristics and their social, situational and interactive contexts have not substantially changed. Yet, the manner in which female sex worker victimisation is currently understood has changed in some quarters. This chapter documents the unusual inclusion of female sex workers into Merseyside police hate crime policy and practice. Given that female sex workers embody a ‘non-ideal’ victim identity the focus here is to consider what this development may mean for Christie’s (1986) ‘ideal victim’ thesis. In so doing the role (or lack of) emotion and compassion will be discussed. The chapter concludes that victims and victimisation have been reimagined and new victimisations have arisen. However, with regard to hate crime, and the social construction of, and criminal justice responses to the victimisation of female sex workers Christie’s ‘ideal victim’ thesis remains contemporarily relevant and predominantly intact.

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Prevalence and Predictors of Self-Reported Consistent Condom Usage among Male Clients of Female Sex Workers in Tamil Nadu, India

Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽

10.1155/2014/952035 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Saumya Rastogi ◽

Bimal Charles ◽

Asirvatham Edwin Sam

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Sex Workers ◽

Tamil Nadu ◽

Female Sex Workers ◽

Consistent Condom ◽

The Past ◽

Female Sex ◽

Aids Epidemic ◽

Male Clients ◽

Hiv Aids

Clients of female sex workers (FSWs) possess a high potential of transmitting HIV and other sexually transmitted infections from high risk FSWs to the general population. Promotion of safer sex practices among the clients is essential to limit the spread of HIV/AIDS epidemic. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of consistent condom use (CCU) among clients of FSWs and to assess the factors associated with CCU in Tamil Nadu. 146 male respondents were recruited from the hotspots who reportedly had sex with FSWs in exchange for cash at least once in the past one month. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate methods. Overall, 48.6 and 0.8 percent clients consistently used condoms in the past 12 months with FSWs and regular partners, respectively. Logistic regression showed that factors such as education, peers’ use of condoms, and alcohol consumption significantly influenced clients’ CCU with FSWs. Strategies for safe sex-behaviour are needed among clients of FSWs in order to limit the spread of HIV/AIDS epidemic in the general population. The role of peer-educators in experience sharing and awareness generation must also be emphasized.

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Orientasi Dominasi Sosial dengan Kekerasan dalam Pacaran pada Remaja

Journal of Health and Behavioral Science ◽

10.35508/jhbs.v2i2.2212 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 121-129

Author(s):

Rema Vara Indry Dubu ◽

M. Dinah Ch. Lerik ◽

R. Pasifikus Christa Wijaya ◽

Luh Putu Ruliati

Keyword(s):

Dating Violence ◽

Social Dominance ◽

Positive Relationship ◽

Social Dominance Orientation ◽

Correlation Technique ◽

Dating Relationships ◽

Significance Level ◽

The Social ◽

The Relationship ◽

Dating Relationship

Abstract. This study aims to know the relationship between social dominance orientation with dating violence in adolescents. The hypothesis is that there is a positive relationship between social dominance orientation with dating violence in adolescents. Participants in this study were 400 adolescents in Kupang City (200 girls dan 200 boys) using convenience sampling. This research uses the quantitative approach with Social Dominanca Orientation7 (ODS7) adaptation scale and Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI) adaptation scale as data collection methods. The hypotesys’s result using Spearman correlation technique obtained that correlation coefficient in this study is 0,102 with a significance level is 0,042 (p < 0,05). The data shows that there is a significant positive relationship between the social dominance orientation with dating violence in adolescents in Kupang city. It means that the higher social dominance orientation of adolescent, the higher tendency to commit violence in dating relationship, and vice versa. Keywords: Social Dominance Orientation, Dating Violence, Adolescent

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31. Lifetime prevalence of anal intercourse among sexually active female youth and young female sex workers: a comparative systematic review and meta-analysis

Sexual Health ◽

10.1071/shv10n6ab31 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 585

Author(s):

Branwen Nia Owen ◽

Paddy M. Brock ◽

Zara Shubber ◽

Rebecca F. Baggaley ◽

Ailsa R. Butler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Sex Workers ◽

Female Sex Workers ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Anal Intercourse ◽

Young Female ◽

Average Risk ◽

Sexually Active ◽

Female Sex ◽

Heterosexual Anal Intercourse

Background Anal cancer incidence has increased over the past twenty years. Heterosexual anal intercourse (AI) is a risk factor for HPV and HIV infection but is under-researched and ill-understood. We compare AI practices among young, sexually active general population females and female sex workers (FSW). Methods: We searched PubMed for heterosexual AI studies among young females, including FSWs (mean age <25 years), to December 2012. Study estimates were pooled using a random-effects model. Results: Fifty-four studies (42 average-risk, 6 higher-risk, 6 FSWs) were included. Most studies among general population youth were conducted in North America using self-administered questionnaires. All FSW studies were conducted in Africa and Asia using face-to-face interviews (FTFI). Pooled estimates of lifetime AI prevalence were larger among average-risk (23.6%, 95% CI 20.4–26.7) and higher-risk youth (25.5%, 95% CI 11.7–39.2) than FSWs (12.8%, 95% CI 8.4–17.3), but highly heterogeneous (I2 >90%). However, pooled AI estimates by continent of average-risk youth (Asia = 13.9%, 95% CI = 1.7–29.5; Africa = 18.4%, 95% CI 0.9–35.8) were more similar to those of FSWs (Asia = 16.0%, 95% CI 10.3–21.6; Africa = 9.7%, 95% CI 3.8–15.7). Estimates of average-risk youth reporting via FTFI (12.1%, 95% CI 0.7–23.5) were likewise similar to those among FSWs (12.8%, 95% CI 8.4–17.3). Pooled AI prevalence estimates among FSWs were higher in studies conducted after 2001 than in earlier studies. Conclusions: AI is common among sexually active females and may be increasing; it could therefore be an important determinant of HPV transmission and anal cancers. AI is as or more common among the general population youth than young FSWs but this may be confounded by continent, interview method and other unmeasured variables.

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