The Effects of Directed Study on the Spelling Performance of Two Subgroups of Learning Disabled Students

1983 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelli Foster ◽  
Joseph K. Torgesen
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Learning Disabled ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Educational Support ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Spelling Performance ◽  
Spelling Test ◽  
Group A

This study investigated the response of two different subgroups of learning disabled children to variations in study conditions as they prepared for a spelling test. The study conditions were: (a) free study, in which the children studied lists of words in any manner they chose; and (b) directed study, in which all children were required to engage in the same number of repetitive spellings of the word lists. The three groups of eight subjects each included a normal control group, a group of LD children with severe short-term memory problems, and a group of LD children with normal short-term memory performance. The directed study condition was found to have a significant effect on the spelling performance only of the LD children without short-term memory deficits. While the results illustrate that some LD children's spelling performance may be improved by simply altering the way they approach tasks, the findings also suggest that other LD children may need a different kind of educational support.

scholarly journals The Effect of Structured Exercise on Short-Term Memory Subsystems: New Insight on Training Activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7545
Author(s):  
Giovanni Ottoboni ◽  
Andrea Ceciliani ◽  
Alessia Tessari
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Team Game ◽  
Training Activities

It has been shown that exercise positively affects cognitive abilities, such as frontal functions and long-term memory processes. We tried to understand whether different exercises (i.e., an open-skill activity, a team game, vs. a closed-skill activity, a circuit) might specifically influence different short-term-memory (STM) subsystems of working memory. We examined the effect of a single bout of open- and closed-skill exercises on three STM tasks (i.e., verbal, visuo-spatial, and motor) in children attending the 3rd and 4th classes at primary school. One group was tested before and after (T0 and T1) an Italian class (control group), one group before and after 30-min exercise on a circuit, and one group before and after 30-min of a team game. The control group presented no improvement. The open-skill activity improved short-term memory performance in all the participants at T1 (p < 0.001 for children attending the 3rd class, and p = 0.007 for children attending the 4th class). In contrast, closed-skill activity improved short-term memory performance in older children (those attending the 4th class; p = 0.046) at T1. Importantly, this finding was found in a school setting and might have ecological validity. Therefore, the exercise protocol here used might help to structure specific training activities for both normal children and those with learning deficits to positively improve short-term memory abilities.

scholarly journals La influencia de 8 semanas de ejercicios aeróbicos, de fuerza y mixtos en el desempeño de la memoria a corto plazo de las mujeres

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
A. Delir ◽  
F. Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Strength Exercise ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Strength Group ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Los Grupos

El propósito de este estudio fue investigar el efecto de 8 semanas de ejercicio aeróbico, de fuerza y mixto en el rendimiento de la memoria a corto plazo de las mujeres. Es un estudio cuasi experimental con un diseño pre / post test con tres grupos experimentales y un grupo control. Se seleccionaron 60 voluntarias, al azar, y se asignaron a cuatro grupos: grupo aeróbico, grupo de fuerza, grupo de fuerza aeróbica y grupo control. Todos los grupos realizaron sus protocolos de entrenamiento. La medición del rendimiento de la memoria a corto plazo se realizó mediante la prueba memory span en dos fases, antes y después de las sesiones de ejercicios. Los datos se analizaron usando la prueba de t de Student para muestras relacionadas y un análisis de la covarianza. Se utilizó el método de la diferencia menos significativa (LSD) para comparar grupos. Los resultados sugieren que 8 semanas de ejercicio aeróbico (p = 0,001), de fuerza (p = 0,001) y de fuerza aeróbica (0,029) aumentan el rendimiento de la memoria. Los resultados del análisis de la covarianza mostraron que 8 semanas de ejercicio aeróbico, de fuerza y de fuerza aeróbica afectan la memoria a corto plazo de las mujeres de manera diferente. Además, los resultados de la prueba de comparación de medias sugieren que existe una diferencia significativa entre los grupos de control, de fuerza aeróbica y de fuerza (p <0,05). Clínicamente hablando, estos hallazgos demuestran la importancia de los ejercicios aeróbicos, de fuerza, y de fuerza aeróbica para preservar y mejorar el rendimiento de la memoria. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic, strength and mixed exercise on short-term memory performance of women. It is a quasi-experimental study accomplished by a pre/posttest plan with three experimental groups and one control group. A total of 60 female volunteers were selected, randomly, allocated to four groups including: aerobic group, strength group, aerobic-strength group and control group. All the groups performed their training protocols. Measurement of short-term memory performance was done using memory span test in two steps pre and post of exercise sessions. Data was analyzed using dependent t-test and covariance test. Least significance difference (LSD) test was used to compare groups. The results suggest that 8 weeks of aerobic (p=0.001), strength (p=0.001) and strength-aerobic (0.029) exercise increases memory performance. The results of covariance test showed that 8 weeks of aerobic, strength and aerobic-strength exercise affect short-term memory of women differently. Also, the results of mean comparison test suggest that there is a significant difference between control, aerobic-strength and strength groups (p<0.05). Clinically speaking, these findings prove the importance of aerobic, strength, and aerobic-strength exercise in preserving and improving memory performance.  

scholarly journals Alpha Neurofeedback Training with a portable Low-Priced and Commercially Available EEG Device Leads to Faster Alpha Enhancement

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Naas ◽  
João Rodrigues ◽  
Jan-Philipp Knirsch ◽  
Andreas Sonderegger
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Neurofeedback Training ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Individual Upper Alpha

AbstractIntroductionFindings of recent studies have proposed that it is possible to enhance cognitive capacities of healthy individuals by means of individual upper alpha (around 10 to 13.5 Hz) neurofeedback training. Although these results are promising, most of this research was conducted based on high-priced EEG systems developed for clinical and research purposes only. This study addresses the question whether such effects can also be shown with an easy to use and comparably low priced Emotiv Epoc EEG headset available for the average consumer. In addition, critical voices were raised regarding the control group designs of studies addressing the link between neurofeedback training and cognitive performance. Based on an extensive literature review revealing considerable methodological issues in an important part of the existing research, the present study addressed the question whether individual upper alpha neurofeedback has a positive effect on alpha amplitudes (i.e. increases alpha amplitudes) and short-term memory performance focussing on a methodologically sound, single-blinded, sham controlled design.MethodParticipants (N = 33) took part in four test sessions over four consecutive days of either neurofeedback training or sham feedback (control group). In the experimental group, five three-minute periods of visual neurofeedback training were administered each day whereas in the control group, the same amount of sham feedback was presented. Performance on eight digit-span tests as well as participants’ affective states were assessed before and after each of the daily training sessions.ResultsParticipants in the neurofeedback training (NFT) group showed faster and greater alpha enhancement compared to the control group. Contrary to the authors’ expectations, alpha enhancement was also observed in the control group. Surprisingly, exploratory analyses showed a significant correlation between the initial alpha level and the alpha improvement during the course of the study. This finding suggests that participants with high initial alpha levels profit more from alpha NFT interventions. digit-span performance increased in both groups over the course of time. However, the increase in individual upper relative alpha did not explain significant variance of digit-span improvement. In the discussion, the authors explore the appearance of the alpha enhancement in the control group and possible reasons for the absence of a connection between NFT and short-term memory.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Speech Recognition Ability and Short-term Memory in Children with Down Syndrome

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinyin Guo
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Recognition Ability ◽  
Children’S Speech Recognition ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Children's Speech

<p>In order to compare the difference in speech recognition ability and short-term memory between children with Down syndrome (DS) and normal children (TD), and to explore the relationship between DS children’s speech recognition ability and short-term memory, this study tested two groups of children with Chinese minimal phoneme pairs. Results: (1) The speech recognition ability of DS children was significantly lower than that of TD children in the control group; The short-term verbal memory of DS children is significantly lower than that of TD children in the control group. (2) The difference between DS children’s speech recognition ability and speech short-term memory performance of four stimuli is significantly lower than the difference between speech short-term memory performance of four stimuli and six stimuli; There was no significant difference between the speech recognition ability of TD children and the speech short-term memory scores of four stimuli and between the speech short-term memory scores of four stimuli and six stimuli. Conclusion: DS children have defects in speech recognition and short-term memory. DS children’s speech recognition ability is not the main reason for their poor short-term memory.</p>

Effectiveness of humor on short term memory function in age matched elderly and diabetic subjects vs. control group

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurinder S. Bains ◽  
Lee Berk ◽  
Noha Daher ◽  
Pooja Deshpande ◽  
Everett Lohman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

scholarly journals Crossmodal Semantic Congruence Interacts with Object Contextual Consistency in Complex Visual Scenes to Enhance Short-Term Memory Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1206
Author(s):  
Erika Almadori ◽  
Serena Mastroberardino ◽  
Fabiano Botta ◽  
Riccardo Brunetti ◽  
Juan Lupiáñez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Spatial Position ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Scenes ◽  
Semantic Congruence

Object sounds can enhance the attentional selection and perceptual processing of semantically-related visual stimuli. However, it is currently unknown whether crossmodal semantic congruence also affects the post-perceptual stages of information processing, such as short-term memory (STM), and whether this effect is modulated by the object consistency with the background visual scene. In two experiments, participants viewed everyday visual scenes for 500 ms while listening to an object sound, which could either be semantically related to the object that served as the STM target at retrieval or not. This defined crossmodal semantically cued vs. uncued targets. The target was either in- or out-of-context with respect to the background visual scene. After a maintenance period of 2000 ms, the target was presented in isolation against a neutral background, in either the same or different spatial position as in the original scene. The participants judged the same vs. different position of the object and then provided a confidence judgment concerning the certainty of their response. The results revealed greater accuracy when judging the spatial position of targets paired with a semantically congruent object sound at encoding. This crossmodal facilitatory effect was modulated by whether the target object was in- or out-of-context with respect to the background scene, with out-of-context targets reducing the facilitatory effect of object sounds. Overall, these findings suggest that the presence of the object sound at encoding facilitated the selection and processing of the semantically related visual stimuli, but this effect depends on the semantic configuration of the visual scene.

scholarly journals Visual short-term memory for 3D shapes reveals similar properties to simple 2D features

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Robitaille ◽  
Stephen Emrich
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Complex Objects ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
3D Shapes

In the past two decades, significant advances have been made to understand the psychophysical properties of visual short-term memory (VSTM). Most studies, however, make inferences based on memory for simple surface features of 2D shapes. Here, we examined the role of object complexity and dimensionality on the psychophysical properties of VSTM by comparing orientation memory for 2D lines and complex 3D objects in a delayed-response continuous report task, where memory load (Experiment 1) or axis of rotation (Experiment 2) was manipulated. In both experiments, our results demonstrate an overall cost of complexity that affected participants raw errors as well as their guess rate and response precision derived from mixture modelling. We also demonstrate that participants’ memory performance is correlated between stimulus types and that memory performance for both 2D and 3D shapes is better fit to the variable precision model of VSTM than to tested competing models. Interestingly, the ability to report complex objects is not consistent across axes of rotation. These results indicate that, despite the fact that VSTM shares similar properties for 2D and 3D shapes, VSTM is far from being a unitary process and is affected by stimulus properties such as complexity and dimensionality.

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