Protect or Compensate?

1953 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-329
Author(s):  
John Hulley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
International Division ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Variety Of Groups ◽  
Factors Of Production ◽  
International Division Of Labor

The postwar drive to liberalize trade, increase competition, and thereby improve productivity within Western Europe has met with determined opposition, as have similar attempts at reducing trade barriers in the United States. This resistance has come from a variety of groups which fear that their interests will be jeopardized as a result of keener competition, and its magnitude can hardly be overestimated. Indeed, it probably constitutes the major single barrier to European economic unification. Certainly, it can no longer be passed off with lectures on the virtues of competition, mobility of the factors of production, and international division of labor.

Organization for European Economic Cooperation

1950 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-346
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
Total Production ◽  
International Investments ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Inflationary Pressure ◽  
United States Economy

In February 1950 the annual report of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation was presented to the United States Economic Cooperation Administration. The report stated that future progress of European recovery would depend to a large extent upon the level of economic activity in the United States, upon United States tariff policy; and upon international investments made by the United States. The forecasts of European trade were based on the assumption that United States business activity would remain at least as high as in the second and third quarter of 1949; it was pointed out that even small setbacks in the United States economy would have disproportionately large consequences for western Europe whose reserves were not great enough to stand much strain. The report insisted that what remained to be done to solve the dollar problem was not a task for Europe alone but was rather a “joint problem.” Western Europe's dollar deficit could not be eliminated unless its exports to the United States amounted to 75 percent of its imports in value. It was necessary that the emphasis shift from the expansion of total production to the development of dollar earning and dollar saving types of production, as well as a reduction in costs. Inflationary pressure had been greatly relieved but nearly all the Marshall Plan countries were still suffering from some inflationary pressure which tended to reduce their exports and increase their imports. This pressure was likely to continue unless a world depression developed.

The Global Assembly-Operations of US Semiconductor Firms: A Geographical Analysis

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1047-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
A J Scott ◽  
D P Angel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Critical Comment ◽  
International Division ◽  
The World ◽  
East And Southeast Asia ◽  
Assembly Operations

The paper begins with a brief description of assembly processes in the semiconductor industry. The organizational structure and geography of the assembly operations of US semiconductor firms are then considered. Two issues in particular are examined, namely (a) the conditions under which vertical integration and disintegration of assembly tend to occur, and (b) the reasons why most semiconductor assembly is performed offshore. Lengthy empirical descriptions are offered of the assembly activities of US semiconductor firms in (a) the United States, (b) Western Europe, and (c) the world periphery and semiperiphery (above all, East and Southeast Asia). The paper concludes with a short critical comment on the theory of the new international division of labor.

scholarly journals Changing Directions in Russian-American Economic Relations, 1912-1917

Slavic Review ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanette E. Tuve
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Mutual Exchange ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
West European

In the nineteenth century Russia and the United States emerged as nations on the periphery of the West European economic and political vortex. Their relations with each other had been, for the most part, prompted by or integrated with some larger issue involving the powers of Western Europe. Economic relations were no exception. Both nations were traditionally exporters of raw materials to industrialized, urbanized nations, which in turn were prepared and eager to exchange manufactured goods for raw materials. Russian and American products were therefore competitive rather than reciprocal, and profitable mutual exchange of goods had not developed. Both nations were debtor nations and had relied on the surplus capital of the small and large investors of Western Europe to provide the beginnings of internal transportation and industrialization.

«Roses» and «thorns» of the international division of labor: dialogue with history and modernity

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-221
Author(s):  
E. A. Ponuzhdaev ◽  
Tatiana A. Shpilkina
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Division ◽  
National Division ◽  
World Markets ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
Trade Wars ◽  
International Division Of Labor

The authors considered historical and topical issues of the international division of labor (MRT). The analysis and parallel of MRI data by ancient scientists, researchers, scientists and experts of the XVIII, XIX, and XXI centuries. On the example of the European Union countries Greece, Spain and Portugal, the analysis of GDP, wages and unemployment as key indicators that characterize the economy of countries is carried out. The historical «cycle» of social structures is given and the dynamics of the ratio of the upper (B), middle (C) and lower (H) classes is shown. It shows the current problems of world markets, taking into account sanctions, trade wars and the consequences of the pandemic. Prospects for the national division of labor (NDT) are defined.

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