Experience in rural labor restructuring in some countries around the world and reference lessons for Vietnam

Promote restructuring of rural workers has very important implications in the development of the potentials and strengths of the economy. Vietnam is a country with a starting point from agriculture, a large proportion of GDP. In recent years, although there has been a positive change in transformation, the process is still slow. To have a reasonable labor structure shortly, Vietnam can completely refer to the experience of several countries in the world with similar starting points. The article analyzes lessons learned from rural labor restructuring in some countries around the world, from which to draw reference lessons for Vietnam.

¿Smith o Kuznets en Argentina? La matriz laboral durante la primera globalización (1870-1914)

In the classic theory about the evolution of economies in the long term, Adam Smith and Simon Kuznets proposed two contrasting theories about the evolution of the labor market in a period of economic growth. Smith proposed a growth in the labor markets guided by the more dynamic and productive sectors through a process of specialization led by the insertion in international commerce. Kuznets, instead, theorizes that the growing modern economies generate changes and diversification on the labor markets towards secondary and tertiary sectors and on the skills stock of the labor force. With that in mind, this work presents an analysis of the labor structure in Argentina during the first globalization period (1870-1914) through a classification of workers and the economic active population divided by sectors and skills, using the occupational compilation of the national census of 1869, 1895 and 1914. The main results show that, despite the high growth of the economy during the first part of the studied period (1870-1895), Argentina did not show high changes in the labor structure at an inter-sectoral level. However, the growth of the economy, especially after 1890, involved a series of transformations on the labor markets that modified their composition and the intensity of skills by the labor force.

Socio-economic impacts of migration on Tho Chu island commune, Vietnam

Population arrangement to islands for settlement is one of the important policies in many ways of each nation. This study was conducted to provide an understanding of the current situation and impacts of the migration to Tho Chu Island, Phu Quoc District, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam. In-depth interviews and survey questions were used to collect preliminary data on displaced people, insular living conditions, positive and negative impacts of the migration process on the socio-economic development on the island. They are also supplemented by secondary data which were collected from various sources in research process. The study shows that the migration to the island not only helps to supplement the labor force for the island, contributes to economic and labor structure restructuring on the island but also contributes to diversifying island economic activities and expand the space, enrich the cultural life of the island. However, the process of migration to the island also poses a number of problems for the people and the government on the island.

Methodological Aspects of the Problems of Modern School Management

The materials reflecting the authors' study on the problems of improving the activities of the modern school are presented. Based on the analysis of the emerging new labor structure of society, a generalized system of modern education is proposed. The key place allocated to it in the system of general education is emphasized. The main problems of the modern secondary school in general and the management of its activities in particular are considered. The main attention is paid to the formation of the ranking of schools, which includes indicators of diverse characteristics. It is proposed to consider the educational institution as a social system, within the framework of which the students develop skills of behavior, relationships in the team and with the external environment. It is noted that in each educational institution, an internal organizational and psychological culture is formed, which leaves its mark on almost all the processes taking place there, in particular, it creates restrictions on the possibility of making certain decisions and the likelihood of their implementation. This position necessitates the formation of a school-specific system of consistent indicators, including a number of qualitative indicators. The use of such indicators in school management processes necessitates the development of specialized methods for assessing the effectiveness of its activities. The article proposes a method for assessing qualitative characteristics, providing an increase in their level of objectivity.

Inframarginal Model Analysis of the Evolution of Agricultural Division of Labor

Division of labor plays a critical role in many parts of agriculture. For example, a specialized division of labor can lead to the improvement of labor productivity, the reduction of production costs, and the innovation of production technology and organization. At the heart of agricultural management is how the comparative advantages of farmers impact their production decision-making behavior, and, consequently, influence the division of labor structure. In this paper, we apply an infra-marginal model to interpret the selection logic of heterogeneous farmers’ specialized production with exogenous comparative technical advantages and transaction costs. Solving the nonlinear programming problem of the utility function within each respective labor structure leads to a corner equilibrium. Under reasonable assumptions of the model, we reduced the number of possible production–consumption decision modes from the maximum of 64 to an optimal of 3. Through this analysis, we discovered the ranges for transaction efficiency coefficients and preference parameter under which each structure can achieve general equilibrium. Our theoretical model thereby explains the structural evolution of agricultural division of labor.

PRECARITIZATION AND LABOR SELF-FULFILLMENT OF YOUNG PEOPLE:

Evaluation of the current transformations of the social and labor structure of society is one of the central topics in sociological knowledge. At the present stage, all social structures and institutions are becoming more flexible, mobile and changeable, characterized by instability and insecurity. Labor practices, professional trajectories and careers of young people also become unstable. The attention of an increasing number of scientists is attracted to non-linear youth employment strategies that contribute to the formation of a new “group” in the social structure of modern Russian society - the precariat. This article presents the results of a study of precarization in the youth environment as a consequence of the socio-economic transformations of recent decades. On the basis of semi-structured interviews with unstable busy young people of Kazan (Republic of Tatarstan, Russia), as well as a secondary analysis of sociological and statistical data, factors, motives and consequences of young people choosing precarious employment are considered. It is shown that precarious forms of employment are considered by young people as a temporary measure, consent to such work leaves the possibility to easily and simply refuse it if it does not fit, and the decision on unstable employment without social guarantees can be either forced or voluntary.