The Tax System of Outer Mongolia, 1911–55: A Brief History

1957 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-236
Author(s):  
Franklyn D. Holzman
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Western World ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Unsuccessful Attempt ◽  
The Public ◽  
The North ◽  
The Government

The Mongolian People's Republic, or Outer Mongolia as it is more commonly known, is a country of some 600,000 square mile area which is bounded on the north by Soviet Siberia, on the south by China, with Manchuria to the east and Sinkiang to the west. Many centuries ago, the western world lived in fear of the Mongol hordes which swept westward as far as the Danube laying waste to all which lay before them. Over the years, the power and importance of Mongolia declined and it fell, at different times, under Russian and Chinese influence respectively. More recently it was under Chinese domination in the first decade of the twentieth century. In 1911, as a result of internal disorders within China, the Mongolians were able to break loose and set themselves up as an autonomous nation. This so-called period of autonomy lasted until 1921 at which time the Soviets gained de facto control of the government. Actual power still resided legally in the hands of a local theocratic ruler. Upon his death in 1924, the present government was established. Since 1924, Outer Mongolia has been a Soviet satellite in the same sense that the eastern European nations have been since the end of World War II. In fact, Outer Mongolia has the dubious distinction of having been the first “People's Republic” to survive as an “independent” nation. Recently, this small nation has been in the public eye as a result of the Soviet Union's unsuccessful attempt to secure for it UN status.

Bibliographic Article: Baltic Émigré Publishing and Scholarship in the Western World

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-241
Author(s):  
David Crowe
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Western World ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come

The Soviet absorption of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania during World War II caused hundreds of thousands of Baltic immigrants to come to the West, where they established strong, viable ethnic communities, often in league with groups that had left the region earlier. At first, Baltic publishing and publications centered almost exclusively on nationalistic themes that decried the loss of Baltic independence and attacked the Soviet Union for its role in this matter. In time, however, serious scholarship began to replace some of the passionate outpourings, and a strong, academic field of Baltic scholarship emerged in the West that dealt with all aspects of Baltic history, politics, culture, language, and other matters, regardless of its political or nationalistic implications. Over the past sixteen years, these efforts have produced a new body of Baltic publishing that has revived a strong interest in Baltic studies and has insured that regardless of the continued Soviet-domination of the region, the study of the culture and history of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania will remain a set fixture in Western scholarship on Eastern Europe.

Popular Culture

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Vuletic
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Cultural Goods ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
The Government ◽  
Second World

Immediately following the Second World War, Eastern European communist parties employed censorship against Western popular culture, such as film and popular music, which they regarded as politically inappropriate. From the late 1950s, most parties increasingly sought to satisfy their citizens’ desires for consumption and entertainment, and they promoted the development of local cultural alternatives. The parties were not uniform in their policies, as a comparison between Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia demonstrates. However, they did seek to appropriate popular culture to advance their political interests, and they similarly faced resistance from some domestic artists who criticized the government. The reluctance of the parties to allow as much freedom of consumption and expression as existed in the West, together with their inability to provide cultural goods that could keep up with Western fashions, points to popular culture as a factor that contributed to the demise of communism in Eastern Europe

scholarly journals SRBIJA I POLITIČKI ODNOSI U JUGOSLAVIJI U VREME SAHRANE ALEKSANDRA RANKOVIĆA 1983: TAČKE SUKOBA

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2/2021) ◽  
pp. 415-434
Author(s):  
Slobodan Selinić
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Central Committee ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Status ◽  
Political Unity ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
Political Economic

Serbia’s political status after the death of Josip Broz was determined by two kinds of efforts by the state. Firstly, the Serbian leaders aimed to change its unequal status in federal Yugoslavia. Secondly, they aimed to stop fragmentation within Serbia, which grew steadily after the 1974 Constitution. Political relations between Serbian leaders on the one hand, and some political circles and leaders of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, and the autonomous provinces on the other, were strained. They worsened even more after several clashes in 1983. Despite the opposition of politicians in Bosnia, Croatia, and Vojvodina to Dragoslav Marković (who was described as a strong advocate of Serbian political unity), he was elected as chairman of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (CK SKJ) in 1983. Serbo-Croatian relationships were further damaged after the publication of the book Enigma Kopinič in Belgrade. The Croatian leaders were against this publication because it revealed – as far as the Party was concerned – undesirable information about the interwar years and the period during World War II. The major confrontation came over the interpretation of events that occurred at the funeral of Aleksandar Ranković (mainly over who was responsible for the mass gathering and the respectful attitude toward the deceased). Federal party units, as well as those from the Yugoslav republics and from Belgrade, jointly condemned those events as a political rally against the government. However, they disagreed over who was responsible for the incident and what had caused the public outcry. The CK SKJ chairmanship members from the autonomous provinces, Croatia, and Bosnia accused Serbia and the Serbian Communist Party for the display of nationalism. They also held the Belgrade City Party Committee responsible for letting the rally happen. Contrary to this, the Belgrade City Committee led by Ivan Stambolić, whom the Serbian leadership supported, felt that the uproar was caused by the overall political, economic, and social crisis, for which the Federal government was to blame.

Japanese Empire and Pan-Asianism

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Saaler
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
World War ◽  
The North ◽  
Japanese Colonial ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago ◽  
The Government ◽  
Historical Memories

The Japanese colonial empire was composed of territories adjacent to the Japanese archipelago, ranging from Southern Sakhalin in the north to Taiwan in the south. Unlike most European powers, Japan did not acquire colonial territories that were far away from the metropolis; rather, it did so within the region in which it was located—East Asia. The geographical proximity between the metropolis and its colonial territories influenced not only the structure of the colonial administration, racial hierarchies in the empire, and colonial and metropolitan identities but also the rhetorical strategies that were used to legitimize colonial rule. Although the government generally envisioned a European-style empire, the creation of which would earn Japan the respect of the Great Powers and eventually lead to the recognition of Japanese equality, a significant number of politicians, writers, and activists argued that it was Japan’s mission to unite the Asian people and protect or liberate them from Western colonial rule. These discourses have been summarized under the term “Pan-Asianism,” a movement and an ideology that emerged in the late 19th century and became mainstream by the time World War I began. However, although some advocates of Pan-Asianism were motivated by sincere feelings of solidarity, the expansion of Japanese colonial rule and the escalation of war in China and throughout Asia in the 1930s brought to the fore an increasing number of contradictions and ambiguities. By the time World War II started, Pan-Asianism had become a cloak of Japanese expansionism and an instrument to legitimize the empire, a process that culminated in the Greater East Asia Conference of 1943. The contradictions between Japan’s brutal wars in Asia and the ideology of Asian solidarity continue to haunt that country’s relations with its neighbors, by way of ambiguous historical memories of the empire and war in contemporary Japanese politics and society.

Boom's Blues

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Verbei
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
North American ◽  
World War ◽  
English Version ◽  
Public Performance ◽  
The Public ◽  
The North ◽  
The 1960S

This book stands as both a remarkable biography of J. Frank G. Boom (1920–1953) and a recovery of his incredible contribution to blues scholarship originally titled The Blues: Satirical Songs of the North American Negro. The book tells how and when the Netherlands was introduced to African American blues music and describes the equally dramatic and peculiar friendship that existed between Boom and jazz critic and musicologist Will Gilbert, who worked for the Kultuurkamer during World War II and had been charged with the task of formulating the Nazi's Jazzverbod, the decree prohibiting the public performance of jazz. The book ends with the annotated and complete text of Boom's The Blues, providing the international world at last with an English version of the first book-length study of the blues. At the end of the 1960s, a series of 13 blues paperbacks edited by Paul Oliver for the London publisher November Books began appearing. One manuscript landed on his desk that had been written in 1943 by a then 23-year-old Frank (Frans) Boom. Its publication was announced on the back jacket of the last three Blues Paperbacks in 1971 and 1972. Yet it never was published and the manuscript once more disappeared. In October 1996, Dutch blues expert and publicist Verbei went in search of the presumably lost manuscript and the story behind its author. It only took him a couple of months to track down the manuscript, but it took another ten years to glean the full story behind the extraordinary Frans Boom, who passed away in 1953 in Indonesia.

The NFL Comes of Age

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-52
Author(s):  
Richard C. Crepeau
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
National Football League ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Media ◽  
Sports Illustrated ◽  
American Society ◽  
Television Audience

The fifteen years following World War II were a period of prosperity and technological innovation on a scale that transformed American society and produced a consumer driven economy. The NFL rode this wave of change to unprecedented heights. As the war came to an end Arch Ward, Paul Brown and others founded the All-America Football Conference taking professional football to the West Coast and opening a battle with the National Football League. Brown’s success in Cleveland led Dan Reeves to move the Rams to Los Angles, and that move led to the desegregation of the NFL. Player salaries increased and the league became more competitive. The merger of the two leagues with the Browns, Colts, and Forty-Niners joining the NFL came in 1950. The professionalization of all facets of the game both on and off the field was led by Paul Brown, who transformed coaching techniques and dominated the AAFC and the NFL with such players as Otto Graham and Dante Lavelli, and by virtue of the desegregation of his team as he signed Marion Motley and Bill Willis. The New NFL caught the eye of the public and under the leadership of Bert Bell used, and then dominated, television to became a major force in American sport. The rise of television and the rise of the NFL went hand-in-hand and reached a crescendo when the large television audience watched the NFL Championship Game of 1958 go into “sudden death” overtime. The NFL’s growth also coincided with the start of Sports Illustrated and the magazine bet its future by focusing its coverage on the NFL. The other element of success was the NFL’s emphasis on a macho philosophy and the violence of the game. Players like Sam Huff and Bobby Lane were lauded in the media for their toughness and their off-field lifestyles.

The effect of World War II on the development of knowledge in the physical sciences

1975 ◽  
Vol 342 (1631) ◽  
pp. 519-536 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
World War ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Pure Science ◽  
The Public ◽  
Fundamental Science ◽  
The Government ◽  
Work Done

The first effect of the outbreak of war in 1939 was greatly to reduce work in pure science and to direct effort to projects relevant to the war. After the war there was a very rapid expansion to a level much exceeding that of the 1930s. The work done during the war in nuclear physics, electronics, instrumentation, radar and rocketry was the basis of this expansion. Successes during the war had given science a new image with the public and with the government; money and facilities were available for fundamental science on a scale more than 10 times that of pre-war days. Wartime work had also had a profound effect on the expectations and style of work of physicists. They had learnt how to obtain and handle large resources.

Religious Toleration

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Perez Zagorin
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
True Belief ◽  
Western World ◽  
Religious Toleration ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
The New Testament

The fullest development of the concept of religious toleration in the West occurred in Christian Europe between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. The emergence and establishment of religious pluralism in modern societies, and most notably in the Western world, has been very largely the result of the evolution and gradual victory of the principle of religious toleration on a variety of grounds. Among the world's great monotheistic religions, Christianity has been the most intolerant. Early Christianity was intolerant of Judaism, from which it had to separate itself, and of ancient paganism, whose suppression it demanded. The New Testament recognized heresy as a danger to religious truth and the Christian communities. Heresy entailed the existence of its opposite, orthodoxy, which meant right thinking and true belief. Following World War II, the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 named freedom of religion, conscience, and thought as basic human rights.

scholarly journals A Delicate Mosaic: The Future of Muslims in Canada

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Khelifa
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Canadian Society ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Canadian Government ◽  
The Public ◽  
Values And Beliefs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
Muslim Immigration

Islam has had a long and, recently, contested history in Canada. Studies after 9/11 show an increasingly negative view towards Islam and Muslims in Canada.  Supposed clashes between Islam and the West, the advent of Canadian Muslim diaspora with an increase in Muslim immigration after World War II, and the rise of Islamophobia and counter anti-Islamophobia movements have strained Muslim integration efforts and challenged Islam's place in Canadian society, testing long-standing Canadian values and beliefs about multiculturalism, democracy and pluralism. This paper addresses the question of Canadian-Muslim integration, looking briefly at the history of Muslims in Canada, the issues they face, and some recent events including Bill 94 and the niqab debate to examine the state of Muslim Canadian integration in Canada today. The paper also proposes a process where Muslim communities, the Canadian government and the public can work together to build understanding and resolve differences in order to move forward as a country.

scholarly journals Zaobchádzanie s obsahom o západnom plánovaní v československých architektonických časopisoch 1945–1970

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lívia Gažová
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Socialist Realism ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Western World ◽  
Social Critique ◽  
Iron Curtain ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Nineteen Fifties ◽  
Post War

Architectural journals were, for their readers, architects and planners in the former Czechoslovakia, one of the few means of gaining information about Western planning in the post-war period. Despite the Iron Curtain, Czechoslovak planners were significantly influenced by contemporary discussions in the West. Analysis of the content of five major architectural journals from the period 1945–1970 proves that Czechoslovak urban planning discourse was not fully separated from the Western world, but was largely developed in contact with the West. The architectural magazines presented Western content in different genres. In the first years after World War II, the magazines used comprehensive studies based on Western projects and materials obtained mainly from organized excursions abroad. Later, with the introduction of the communist regime, the magazines included social critique, critique of cosmopolitanism, and brief articles based on selections from the foreign press. In the early nineteen-fifties, Soviet ideologybased parodies of Western planning appeared. After the rejection of socialist realism in the mid-fifties, the magazines included regular sections from the Western press and even reportage from abroad.

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