School Quality, School Cost, and the Public/Private School Choices of Low-Income Households in Pakistan

By 2016, the backlog for housing is estimated around 13,8 million units. With the need growth 5% per year approximately, Indonesian people need 1 million houses per year. Adding to the number of backlog, it is around 1,55 million houses should be provided every year in order to meet the need in the year 2030. The number is based on the ability to pay in general of Indonesian people, which is with the price for sufficient house estimated to be 135 million rupiahs. This means low income household is out of consideration, therefore this group cannot afford the house whatsoever. In order to narrower the gap, the Government of Indonesia has built „One Million Houses Program‟ which has composition 70% for low income household. However, the program has not optimal yet. From the data from the Public Work and Housing Ministry, it is only 80% of the 1 million houses targeted that can be achieved; and from this 80%, only 569.382 units or 70,72% for the low income household. With this trend, it is difficult for the low income household to access sufficient houses in turn. The solution for this can be two alternatives: (1) the Government provide affordable houses for the group, or (2) increasing the ability to pay of the group. The alternative (1) could be difficult due to the limited budget of the Government. The possible answer is to increase the ability of the low income households, so that they can access houses either under subsides scheme from the Government or developers. In doing so, the main problem is to collect or acquire the funding for accessing the house. Using various regulations and policies that could make possible for low income households to receive the money, such as corporate social responsibility, zakat, or even philanthropy activities in Indonesia, the burden could be lessen. The importance of giving the low income households opportunity to access sufficient house is a notion that a sufficient housing can be a strategic toll for improving citizen life which becomes a background argument in the Law No. 1 of 2011 of Housing.

Download Full-text

The relationships between selected anthropometric and socio-economic data in schoolchildren from different social strata in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Revista de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0034-89101990000100004 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 11-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Rainer Gross ◽

Fernão Dias de Lima ◽

Cristina Jesus de Freitas ◽

Ursula Gross

Keyword(s):

Public Schools ◽

Low Income ◽

Private School ◽

Surveillance System ◽

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Economic Data ◽

Anthropometric Data ◽

The Public ◽

Nutritional Surveillance ◽

State Schools

The nutritional status according to anthropometric data was assessed in 756 schoolchildren from 5 low-income state schools and in one private school in the same part of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The prevalence of stunting and wasting (cut-off point: <90% ht/age and <80% wt/ht) ranged in the public schools from 6.2 to 15.2% and 3.3 to 24.0%, respectively, whereas the figures for the private school were 2.3 and 3.5%, respectively. Much more obesity was found in the private school (18.0%) than in the state schools (0.8 - 6.2%). Nutritional problems seem to develop more severely in accordance with the increasing age of the children. Therefore it appears advisable to assess schoolchildren within the context of a nutritional surveillance system.

Download Full-text

Taxing Low Income Households in Pursuit of the Public Interest: The case of Compulsory Automobile Insurance

Insurance, Risk Management, and Public Policy - Huebner International Series on Risk, Insurance and Economic Security ◽

10.1007/978-94-011-1378-6_6 ◽

1994 ◽

pp. 115-137

Author(s):

Scott E. Harrington

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Public Interest ◽

Automobile Insurance ◽

The Public ◽

Low Income Households

Download Full-text

Beyond the Public Safety Net: The Role of Nonprofits in Addressing Material Hardship of Low-Income Households

Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly ◽

10.1177/0899764009334307 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 39 (5) ◽

pp. 784-801 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Baorong Guo

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Public Safety ◽

Safety Net ◽

Material Hardship ◽

The Public ◽

Low Income Households

Download Full-text

CONSUMO DE ALIMENTOS PROCESSADOS E ULTRAPROCESSADOS POR ESCOLARES DE ARROIO DO TIGRE, RS

Revista Interdisciplinar de Estudos em Saúde ◽

10.33362/ries.v7i1.1300 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 157-164

Author(s):

Rubiane Inara Wagner ◽

Patrícia Molz ◽

Camila Schreiner Pereira

Keyword(s):

Public School ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Private School ◽

Food Habits ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

School Students ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Public And Private ◽

The Public ◽

Cereal Bars

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a frequência do consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados e verificar a associação entre estado nutricional por adolescentes do ensino público e privado do município de Arroio do Tigre, RS. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes, com idade entre 10 e 15 anos, de uma escola pública e uma privada de Arroio do Tigre, RS. O estado nutricional foi avaliado pelo índice de massa corporal. Aplicou-se um questionário de frequência alimentar contendo alimentos processados e ultraprocessados. A amostra foi composta por 64 adolescentes com idade média de 12,03±1,15 anos, sendo 53,1% da escola pública. A maioria dos adolescentes encontravam-se eutróficos (p=0,343), e quando comparado com o consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados, a maioria dos escolares eutróficos relataram maior frequência no consumo de balas e chicletes (50,0%) e barra de cereais (51,0%), de 1 a 3 vezes por semana (p=0,004; p=0,029, respectivamente). Houve também uma maior frequência de consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados como pizza (73,5%; p0,001), refrigerante (58,8%; p=0,036) e biscoito recheado (58,8%; p=0,008) entre 1 a 3 vezes por semana na escola pública em comparação a escola privada. O consumo de suco de pacote (p=0,013) foi relatado não ser consumido pela maioria dos alunos da escola particular em comparação a escola pública. Os dados encontrados evidenciam um consumo expressivo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados pelos adolescentes de ambas as escolas, destacando alimentos com alto teor de açúcar e sódio.Palavras-chave: Hábitos alimentares. Adolescentes. Alimentos industrializados. ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to compare the frequency of consumption of processed and ultraprocessed foods and to verify the association between nutritional status by adolescents from public and private schools in the municipality of Arroio do Tigre, RS. This was a cross-sectional study conducted with adolescents, aged 10 to 15 years, from a public school and a private school in Arroio do Tigre, RS. Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index. A food frequency questionnaire containing processed and ultraprocessed foods was applied. The sample consisted of 64 adolescents with a mean age of 12.03±1.15 years, 53.1% of the public school. Most of the adolescents were eutrophic (p=0.343), and when compared to the consumption of processed and ultraprocessed foods, most eutrophic schoolchildren reported a higher frequency of bullets and chewing gum (50.0%) and cereal bars (51.0%), 1 to 3 times per week (p=0.004, p=0.029, respectively). There was also a higher frequency of consumption of processed and ultraprocessed foods such as pizza (73.5%, p0.001), refrigerant (58.8%, p=0.036) and stuffed biscuit (58.8%, p=0.008) between 1 to 3 times a week in public school compared to private school. Consumption of packet juice (p=0.013) was reported not to be consumed by the majority of private school students compared to public school. Conclusion: The data found evidenced an expressive consumption of processed and ultraprocessed foods by the adolescents of both schools, highlighting foods with high sugar and sodium content.Keywords: Food Habits. Adolescents. Industrialized Foods.

Download Full-text