Dialectics and Cosmology: The Big Bang and the Steady State Theories

Having now examined attempts to explain the nature of the elements and the periodic system in a theoretical manner, it is necessary to backtrack a little in order to pick up a number of important issues not yet addressed. As in the preceding chapters, several contributions from fields outside of chemistry are encountered, and the treatment proceeds historically. So far in this book, the elements have been treated as if they have always existed, fully formed. Nothing has yet been said about how the elements have evolved or about the relative abundance of the isotopes of the elements. These questions form the contents of this chapter. It also emerges that different isotopes show different stabilities, a feature that can be explained to a considerable extent by appeal to theories from nuclear physics. The study of nucleosynthesis, and especially the development of this field, is intimately connected to the development of the field of cosmology as a branch of physical science. In a number of instances, different cosmological theories have been judged according to the degree to which they could explain the observed universal abundances of the various elements. Perhaps the most controversial cosmological debate has been over the rival theories of the big bang and the steady-state models of the universe. The proponents of these theories frequently appealed to relative abundance data, and indeed, the eventual capitulation of the steady-state theorists, or at least some of them, was crucially dependent upon the observed ratio of hydrogen to helium in the universe. Chapters 2, 3, and 6 discussed Prout’s hypothesis, according to which all the elements are essentially made out of hydrogen. Although the hypothesis was initially rejected on the basis of accurate atomic weight determinations, it underwent a revival in the twentieth century. As mentioned in chapter 6, the discoveries of Anton van den Broek, Henry Moseley, and others showed that there is a sense in which all elements are indeed composites of hydrogen.

Quasi-Steady State Cosmology

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900175199 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 159 ◽

pp. 293-299

Author(s):

G. Burbidge ◽

F. Hoyle ◽

J.V. Narlikar

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Early Universe ◽

Particle Physics ◽

Physical Theory ◽

Big Bang ◽

Quasi Steady State ◽

Recent Developments ◽

History Of ◽

The Big Bang ◽

The Universe

The standard big bang cosmology has the universe created out of a primeval explosion that not only created matter and radiation but also spacetime itself. The big bang event itself cannot be discussed within the framework of a physical theory but the events following it are in principle considered within the scope of science. The recent developments on the frontier between particle physics and cosmology highlight the attempts to chart the history of the very early universe.

Steady-State theory and the cosmological controversy

The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198817666.013.5 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 161-205

Author(s):

Helge Kragh

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Big Bang ◽

State Theory ◽

Steady State Model ◽

Big Bang Theory ◽

Big Bang Model ◽

Fred Hoyle ◽

The Big Bang ◽

The Universe ◽

State Universe

The presently accepted big-bang model of the universe emerged during the period 1930-1970, following a road that was anything but smooth. By 1950 the essential features of the big-bang theory were established by George Gamow and his collaborators, and yet the theory failed to win recognition. A major reason was that the big-bang picture of the evolving universe was challenged by the radically different picture of a steady-state universe favoured by Fred Hoyle and others. By the late 1950s there was no convincing reason to adopt one theory over the other. Out of the epic controversy between the two incompatible world models arose our modern view of the universe. Although the classical steady-state model was abandoned in the mid-1960s, attempts to modify it can be followed up to the present.

Hypothesis of Quantum Gravity - Resulting from a Static, Topological Universe Resulting from the Positives and Negatives of the Steady State and Big Bang Theories

10.20944/preprints202105.0239.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rodney Bartlett

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Big Bang ◽

Proof Of Concept ◽

Wick Rotation ◽

Stepping Stones ◽

Stephen Hawking ◽

History Of ◽

Full Solution ◽

The Big Bang ◽

The Universe

This hypothesis is the result of my conviction that science will oneday prove everything in space and time is part of a unification. In "A Brief History of Time", Stephen Hawking wrote, "If everything in the universe depends on everything else in a fundamental way, it might be impossible to get close to a full solution (of the universe's puzzles) by investigating parts of the problem (such as general relativity and quantum mechanics) in isolation." The goal: to establish a “proof of concept” to which equations can be added. It’s concluded the Steady State, Big Bang, Inflation and Multiverse theories all ultimately fail and a topological model including bits (binary digits), Mobius strips, figure-8 Klein bottles and Wick rotation works better. The failed cosmologies have impressive points leading to the idea that they’re all necessary stepping-stones. For example, the Big Bang is seen here as violation of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics but its supposed origin from quantum fluctuations is reminiscent of bits switching between 1 and 0. The topological hypothesis has potential to explain dark matter, dark energy, and electromagnetic-gravitational union. Finally, the article introduces what is called vector-tensor-scalar geometry - and extensions of Einstein's Gravity and Maxwell's Electromagnetism.

The Battle for the Cosmos!

The Cosmic Mystery Tour ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198831860.003.0011 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 84-92

Author(s):

Nicholas Mee

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Cosmic Microwave Background ◽

Big Bang ◽

State Theory ◽

Microwave Background ◽

George Gamow ◽

Big Bang Theory ◽

Fred Hoyle ◽

The Big Bang ◽

The Universe

We now know the universe began with the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago, but for several years debate raged between the supporters of the Big Bang theory led by George Gamow and supporters of the Steady State theory led by Fred Hoyle. Hoyle showed that the elements were synthesized in the stars, not in the Big Bang as Gamow believed. But Gamow’s colleagues Alpher and Herman predicted the existence of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) created immediately after the Big Bang. The CMB was discovered by Penzias and Wilson and this provided the crucial evidence that the Big Bang theory is correct. The CMB has since been studied in detail by a series of space probes.

Editorial. From the Big Bang Toward a Steady State

Analytical Chemistry ◽

10.1021/ac60310a600 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 217-217

Author(s):

Herbert A. Laitinen

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Big Bang ◽

The Big Bang

How Cosmic Structure Grew

Cosmology’s Century ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691196022.003.0005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 184-238

Author(s):

P. J. E. Peebles

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Structure Formation ◽

Physical Meaning ◽

Gravitational Instability ◽

Big Bang ◽

Clusters Of Galaxies ◽

Expanding Universe ◽

Early Stages ◽

Consistent Picture ◽

The Big Bang

This chapter explores how the very evident departures from Albert Einstein's homogeneity—stars in galaxies in groups and clusters of galaxies—might have formed in an expanding universe. In the established cosmology, cosmic structure formed by the gravitational instability of the relativistic expanding universe. The early confusion about the physical meaning of this instability is an important part of the history. The chapter reviews these considerations, along with assessments of early scenarios of how cosmic structure might have formed. A theory of how the galaxies formed in the big bang cosmology has to provide a physically consistent picture of how cosmic structure evolved from the very different conditions in the early stages of expansion. That consideration is absent in the 1948 steady-state cosmology, so thinking about structure formation had to be different.

POSITIVES AND NEGATIVES OF THE STEADY STATE AND BIG BANG THEORIES IN THE 21ST CENTURY

10.31219/osf.io/b3dnf ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rodney Bartlett

Keyword(s):

Dark Matter ◽

Dark Energy ◽

Steady State ◽

21St Century ◽

Big Bang ◽

Proof Of Concept ◽

Wick Rotation ◽

Microwave Background ◽

Stepping Stones ◽

The Big Bang

This novel hypothesis uses mathematics in the form of topology. The goal: to establish a “proof of concept” to which equations can be added, by anyone. It’s concluded the Steady State, Big Bang, Inflation and Multiverse theories all ultimately fail and a topological model including bits (binary digits), Mobius strips, figure-8 Klein bottles and Wick rotation works better. The failed cosmologies have impressive good points leading to the idea that they’re all necessary stepping-stones. For example, the Big Bang is seen here as violation of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics but its supposed origin from quantum fluctuations is reminiscent of bits switching between 1 and 0. The topological hypothesis has potential to explain dark matter (DM), dark energy (DE) and electromagnetic-gravitational union. This model predicts (1) the universe’s nature is binary and topological, (2) antigravitons are the quanta of dark energy, (3) dark energy has no connection with the expanding universe since there never was, nor will be, expansion or contraction (dark energy comprises dark matter – in some dimensions, dark matter’s being composed of dark energy will follow DE=DMc^2: in others, it won’t), (4) immortality, and (5) imprints in the Cosmic Microwave Background from gravitational waves will oneday be detected unambiguously and not interpreted as evidence of inflation. The article “post-dicts” Special Relativity’s time dilation as well as existence of both curvature and flatness in space-time. Finally, the article introduces what is called vector-tensor-scalar geometry - and extensions of Einstein's Gravity and Maxwell's Electromagnetism.

Hypothesis of Quantum Gravity - Resulting from a Static, Topological Universe Resulting from the Positives and Negatives of the Steady State and Big Bang Theories

10.20944/preprints202105.0239.v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rodney Bartlett

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Big Bang ◽

Proof Of Concept ◽

Wick Rotation ◽

Stepping Stones ◽

Stephen Hawking ◽

History Of ◽

Full Solution ◽

The Big Bang ◽

The Universe

This hypothesis is the result of my conviction that science will oneday prove everything in space and time is part of a unification. In "A Brief History of Time", Stephen Hawking wrote, "If everything in the universe depends on everything else in a fundamental way, it might be impossible to get close to a full solution (of the universe's puzzles) by investigating parts of the problem (such as general relativity and quantum mechanics) in isolation." The goal: to establish a “proof of concept” to which equations can be added. It’s concluded the Steady State, Big Bang, Inflation and Multiverse theories all ultimately fail and a topological model including bits (binary digits), Mobius strips, figure-8 Klein bottles and Wick rotation works better. The failed cosmologies have impressive points leading to the idea that they’re all necessary stepping-stones. For example, the Big Bang is seen here as violation of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics but its supposed origin from quantum fluctuations is reminiscent of bits switching between 1 and 0. The topological hypothesis has potential to explain dark matter, dark energy, and electromagnetic-gravitational union. Finally, the article introduces what is called vector-tensor-scalar geometry - and extensions of Einstein's Gravity and Maxwell's Electromagnetism.

Cosmological Models

Cosmology’s Century ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691196022.003.0003 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 36-113

Author(s):

P. J. E. Peebles

Keyword(s):

General Relativity ◽

Steady State ◽

Big Bang ◽

General Interest ◽

Research Centers ◽

Expanding Universe ◽

World Picture ◽

Evolving Model ◽

Creation Of Matter ◽

The Big Bang

This chapter examines two spatially homogenous world pictures which captured most of the attention in cosmology from the late 1940s through the mid-1960s: an evolving universe and a universe in a statistically steady state. The evolving model describes expansion according to general relativity from an exceedingly dense early condition often termed the big bang. In the big bang model, a straightforward extrapolation of its evolution back in time ends at a singularity: a manifest failure of standard general relativity. In the alternative world picture, the continual creation of matter keeps the near-homogeneously expanding universe in a steady state. It lacked Albert Einstein's endorsement, but skillful proponents kept the picture visible in England though generally less so at other research centers. The steady-state cosmology is much more predictive than the big bang, which might have been expected to have added more than it did to general interest in the model.