The Vocabulary of the Septuagint and the Church Fathers

The role of the Septuagint in the building of the Christian identity during the first Christian centuries is more important than it is generally said. The word ‘testament’ or ‘covenant’, for example, comes from the Septuagint, via the New Testament. The Greek and Latin liturgies are filled with references to the Septuagint. The same is true in the case of the Christian spirituality: for instance, the concept of the Christian life as a migration comes from the Septuagint. The Christian hermeneutics is indebted to the Greek Bible: even if knowledge of the allegorical method comes from the Greek philosophers (and Philo), support could be found for it in the verses of the Greek Bible. Finally, the theological vocabulary of the Christians was founded upon the Greek Bible. For instance, in the case of the doctrine of the Trinity, the word ‘person’ comes from the Septuagint. Furthermore, some passages of the Greek translation gave rise to theological interpretations which are not possible on the grounds of the Hebrew text. In Gen 1:2, the Septuagint reads ‘the earth was invisible and unorganized’ and this came to be quoted both in support of the creation of matter ex nihilo. In Exod 17:16, where the Hebrew has a difficult hapax legomenon, the Greek speaks about the ‘hidden hand’ with which the Lord makes war against Amalek; this ‘hidden hand’ played a role in the Christian doctrine of the Logos, which is hidden in the Old Testament.

Unification of fundamental forces under normal atmospheric conditions

Super unified theories unifying the four fundamental forces require very high temperatures, which are possible only within <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>34</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> second after Big Bang. This article aims to unite the fundamental forces of nature under normal conditions of atmosphere. Well-established relation of general theory of relativity, between mass and space-time, is explored from fundamental level to design a model of the creation of matter particles from space-time. During this process, a stress gets generated in the surrounding space-time fabric. The relation of this stress with the matter created is examined. The stress developed in the space-fabric surrounding the created matter is found generating electromagnetic, nuclear, and gravitational forces. Changes in the space-time fabric are found related to the mass and charge of the sub-atomic particles. The research to unite gravitational force with other fundamental forces has been a subject of continuous research for nearly a century. This article not only provides the unification of fundamental forces of nature under normal atmospheric conditions but also elucidates the process of creation of matter particles from space itself.

Comments on P. Jordan’s Cosmological Model

We analyse the original cosmology of P. Jordan through his 1939 key paper entitled “Bemerkungen zur Kosmologie” or “Comments on cosmology”. In this almost forgotten work, the author introduced a model of dynamical cosmology with spontaneous creation of matter, based on the Large Numbers study, initiated by Eddington and further developed by Dirac. Jordan’s will to explore heuristically all possible cosmological models in order to be prepared in case of surprising future astronomical data is very compelling in this article. Since we think it is wise to learn from our predecessors and from the unsuccessful theories that were later left behind, the present article also offers an overview of Jordan’s work during the 1930s through the analysis of a series of some of his other original pieces. An English translation of Jordan’s key paper can be found in the appendix.

Cosmological Models

This chapter examines two spatially homogenous world pictures which captured most of the attention in cosmology from the late 1940s through the mid-1960s: an evolving universe and a universe in a statistically steady state. The evolving model describes expansion according to general relativity from an exceedingly dense early condition often termed the big bang. In the big bang model, a straightforward extrapolation of its evolution back in time ends at a singularity: a manifest failure of standard general relativity. In the alternative world picture, the continual creation of matter keeps the near-homogeneously expanding universe in a steady state. It lacked Albert Einstein's endorsement, but skillful proponents kept the picture visible in England though generally less so at other research centers. The steady-state cosmology is much more predictive than the big bang, which might have been expected to have added more than it did to general interest in the model.

The Motion Beyond Sense

This paper first explores the relationship between cognition and motion. Our typical cognitive mode, based on sensory forms, is integrated and, therefore, non-motion in nature. This highlights stability and relativity for practical cognitive needs, but at the same time prevents us from developing cognition of the complete form of motion. The result is a fundamental cognitive barrier for us to understand motion. By discovering the underlying cognitive principles, however, we can revise the cognitive process and redevelop the cognitive mode to meet the purpose of direct cognition of motion. Based on this newly developed cognitive mode, we will learn motion features directly and understand motion laws and principles, to explain natural phenomena and establish wide-range connections between them. These include the underlying principles of motion, gravity, the creation of matter and material forms, universal motion, and spacetime.

BASED LEARNING MANAGEMENT IDEAS TO IMPROVE THE CREATIVITY OF THINKING

Student are less actively involved event tend to be passive in the classroom of learning process in process of frequent lecturer dominant, students spent more time waiting for a grain of lecturers rather than seek and find their own knowledge, skills and attitudes they need, if the learning conditions that own amximize the role and involvement lecturers as well as minimizing the role and involvement of students it occurs in higher education that resulted learning becomes monotonous. Rigidity is learning to give birth mindset learners who do not thrive, is limited, and even hamper the creativity of student thinking. This study aims to develop ideas based learning management in improving, the creativity of thinking, by applying the four main pillars, namely: 1) learn to know something, 2) learn to understand something, 3) learn to actualize something, and 4) studying the creation of something. The method used in tis research is the method of research and development is commonly abbreviated (R D). As for knowing improvement of student learning outcomes using the formula Pm = P2-P1. This research instrument synergy between faculty and students in implementing the four main pillars of ideas based learning management indicators: a) mastery and getted of the material, b) understanding and deepening of the material, c) actualize material, d) the creation of matter. The results showed a significant increase applied before and after the learning management based on the idea of three classes the first semester of the 2014/2015 academic year student of management education FIP Teachers' Training College Mataram taken at random, while the sample in this study amounted to 150 students with details as follow : 50 students of the third semester, 50 students and 50 students of the fifth semester VII semester. With an average increase of 6.42 %, with details as follows: third semester, an increase of 6.5 %, the fifth semester increased by 6.74% while the seventh semester an increase of 6.02%.

The Processes of Violent Disintegration and Natural Creation of Matter in the Universe

This article completes the circle of presenting the process of the constant growth of objects and systems and the topics to complete it consist of the visible matter violent disintegration and its re-creation inside the Universe. A constant process of the visible matter disintegration is presented as the end of the process, the proportions of which are gigantic, and the creation of the visible matter as the beginning of it. The disintegration of particles disturbs the balance of the Universe's wholeness; despite the enormous loss of the visible matter, the Universe is constantly growing. After having postponed it for a while, this article discusses the age of objects and the Universe as a consequence of the process of the constant matter growth. The acquired results are completely different from those, offered by the renowned experts of the time.

The Importance of Scalar Fields as Extradimensional Metric Components in Kaluza-Klein Models

Extradimensional models are achieving their highest popularity nowadays, among other reasons, because they can plausible explain some standard cosmology issues, such as the cosmological constant and hierarchy problems. In extradimensional models, we can infer that the four-dimensional matter rises as a geometric manifestation of the extra coordinate. In this way, although we still cannot see the extra dimension, we can relate it to physical quantities that are able to exert such a mechanism of matter induction in the observable universe. In this work we propose that scalar fields are those physical quantities. The models here presented are purely geometrical no matter the fact that Lagrangian is assumed and even the scalar fields are contained in the extradimensional metric. The results are capable of describing different observable cosmic features and yield an alternative to ultimately understand the extra dimension and the mechanism in which it is responsible for the creation of matter in the observable universe.