Unpublished Inscriptions from Pisidian Antioch

1967 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 101-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Levick
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Good Standing ◽  
The Right

It is many years since scholars began systematically to copy and publish the inscriptions of Colonia Caesarea (Pisidian Antioch), but the site of the colony and the houses and streets of the neighbouring town of Yalvaç still have much to yield. The following inscriptions, hitherto unpublished, were collected in 1955. They are arranged here according to language. The Latin inscriptions come first: a group of architectural fragments and dedications to Roman emperors, ranging widely in date but belonging for the most part to the early fourth century, is followed by some dedications to private individuals, probably persons of good standing in the colony. The Greek inscriptions may be divided into three classes: epitaphs, dedications to the gods, and some late, Christian, fragments; official tituli are wanting.I. In the garden of the Ortokul at Yalvaç, on a broken entablature now measuring 66 cm. in length by 42 cm. in height by 36 cm. in depth (lower surface). The letters range from 7·5 to 5·5 cm. in height. The inscription is complete above, where there is a moulding, and below (on the right at least).

scholarly journals A Fourth Century Head in Central Museum, Athens

1895 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Present Condition ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Image Position ◽  
The Right

There is among the fourth century works in the Central Museum at Athens a head found at Laurium. It is made of Parian marble but it has been completely discoloured by slag or refuse from the lead mines, and is now quite black. In its present condition it is quite impossible to obtain a satisfactory photograph of it, and the reproduction given of it in the figure is from a cast.It has been published, as far as I am aware, only in M. Kavvadias' catalogue. There it is described as a head of the Lykeian Apollo. This identification rests solely on a passage of Lucian, who mentions a statue of the Lykeian Apollo in the gymnasium at Athens.He says of it ( 7)—It will be seen from a glance at the photograph that the grounds for this identification are very slender. The left hand with the bow does not exist, and the only reason for supposing therefore that this is a head of the Lykeian Apollo consists in the fact that the right hand of the statue rests on the head. This in itself seems insufficient and, among other reasons, it is I think rendered impossible by the phrase For the hand is not idly resting, it is not a tired hand; the posture of the fingers is firm and energetic.

scholarly journals Is Donatvs's Commentary on Virgil Lost?

1916 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Rand
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Introductory Note ◽  
Bucolic Poetry ◽  
The Right ◽  
Present Text

Aelivs donatvs, the note d grammarian of the fourth century of our era, wrote commentaries on Terence and Virgil. The commentary on Terence has been preserved, though in a curiously heterogeneous form which thus far has defied analysis. The most plausible supposition is that our present text is a conflation of two commentaries, one by Donatus himself, and one by Euanthius, whose work was obviously utilized for part of the introductory note on comedy. But even if this is the right statement of the question, the question remains to be solved. The problem of the commentary on Virgil is, unfortunately, more simple, or at least is universally adjudged more simple. We have extant Donatus's life of Virgil, his dedicatory letter to Lucius Munatius, and his introductory remarks on Bucolic poetry. The commentary itself, save for scattered references in later grammarians, glossaries, and commentaries, has been lost.

scholarly journals Ojcowie Kościoła i manichejczycy wobec apokryfów na tle kryzysu pryscyliańskiego

Vox Patrum ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 275-288
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Sordyl
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Holy Trinity ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Church

In the Church of the first centuries some Fathers of the Church used the Apocrypha. But, the general tendency, which we can notice in the fourth century theology, is resignation from using them. It was connected, among other things, with creating the biblical canon. In Priscillian’s opinion, it is allowed to use the Apocrypha. The bishop of Avila propagating the right to use them contributed to spreading them, especial­ly in Spain and Mediterranean Gaul. Priscillian was favourable to these texts, but careful, and so were some of the Fathers of the Church. In spite of it, it was reading the Apocrypha that contributed to accusing him of Manichaeism and Gnosticism. Mani and his followers also took advantage of the Apocrypha using novel extracts in which a fight for purity dominates and characters’ indomitabi­lity is shown. The anti-Priscillian literature unanimously condemned reading the Apocrypha by Priscillianists. The synod in Toledo does it as well as the first synod in Braga, the popes Innocent I and Leon the Great and the writers Augustinian, Orosius, Turibius. The Priscillianists refering to the Apocrypha created sabellian conception of the Holy Trinity. Various texts presumably edited by the Priscillianists (Monarchiani Prologues, The Revelation of St. Thomas, Pseudo-Titus Letter) contain references to the Apocrypha. It should be noticed that the Priscillianist exegetic principle was to explain canon books by means of other texts. Besides, D. de Bruyne pre­sents the Apocrypha ascribed to the Priscillianists; this collection comprises the following texts: Collectio de diversis sententiis, Apocalypsis, Sermo S. Augustini Episcopi, Homilia de die iudicii, De parabolis Salomonis, Liber ,,canon in Ebreica” Hieronymi presbyteri. He also made an attempt to establish a probable list of the Apocrypha which the Priscillian community might have used.

scholarly journals On the Development of Muggiaea Atlantica Cunningham

1938 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Lower Surface ◽  
Reasonable Doubt ◽  
Left Edge ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Right ◽  
Respective Species

In September 1937 Muggiaea atlantica Cunningham was very abundant off Plymouth. The presence of large numbers of eudoxids in the plankton afforded an opportunity to rear the early stages of this siphonophore. The development of M. kochi (Will) was worked out by Chun (1882, 1913), and he also described the eudoxid of that species. The eudoxid of M. atlantica has, however, never been described for certain. The allocation of eudoxids collected in the plankton to their respective species is necessarily fraught with uncertainty when more than one species is present. Throughout the whole of September 1937 M. atlantica was the only species of siphonophore to be found off Plymouth, and there can be no reasonable doubt that the eudoxids described below belonged to that species and that the development of the early stages from their eggs is that of M. atlantica.For the terminology used in the description of the eudoxid I have followed Totton (1932), to whom I am grateful for helpful advice.The EudoxidThe bract (Fig. 2 a) is cone-shaped with a broad flat suture running from its apex to the base. The edges of the suture are raised into a slight flange. The right edge is continued downwards into a sweeping curve while the left edge cuts away horizontally at its lower end; the bract is thus asymmetrical. There is a slight cavity on the lower surface in which the somatocyst is centrally placed. The general form of the bract can also be seen in the different views of the whole eudoxid given in Fig. 1.

scholarly journals Cornelius Nepos on Marathon and Paros

1919 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 48-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. How
Keyword(s):  
Good Reason ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
The Right ◽  
Historical Accounts

It might seem waste of labour to examine minutely an account of the battle of Marathon and the Parian expedition so late as that contained in the brief life of Miltiades ascribed to Cornelius Nepos, more especially as I must confess that the results of my enquiry are in the main negative, and that such positive conclusions as I reach have not the charm of novelty, but serve merely to strengthen theories already well known, and in England at least widely accepted. But this late epitome is almost the only consecutive narrative of these events outside the pages of Herodotus. Marathon was sung by poets, and bespattered with rhetoric by patriotic orators, but such historical accounts as there once were of the battle have perished, save for the still later epitome of Trogus Pompeius made by Justin. Again there is good reason to think that Cornelius Nepos is here following the fourth-century historian Ephorus. This is manifestly the case in his account of the Parian expedition, the kernel of which is little more than a translation of the fragment of Ephorus preserved in Stephanus of Byzantium s.v. Paros. That Nepos drew his story of Marathon from the same source is the general, and as I shall hope to show, the right opinion, though it has been denied by Dr. E. Meyer. Further, the view of the campaign and the conception of the battle to be found in Nepos have been accepted as historical by many of the highest authorities in Germany, e.g., by Drs. H. Delbrück, G. Busolt, and in the main by Dr. E. Meyer.

Early Ecclesiology in the West

2018 ◽  
pp. 162-182
Author(s):  
Mark Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Gregory The Great ◽  
The Right

The principal theme of the chapter is the rise of the monarchical episcopate in Rome and its emergence as the pre-eminent see in the West, and then in Christendom as a whole. It is argued that some form of monarchical government is likely to have existed before Callistus (who in recent times has been credited with its creation), and that Rome was often the arbiter of choice even before she began to assume the right to legislate for the rest of the Christian world after the Council of Nicaea (ad 325). The factors that made it possible for Rome to claim absolute hegemony, from the mid-fourth century on, are examined up to the time of Pope Gregory the Great. At the same time, it will be observed that limits were set to Rome’s jurisdiction both in Africa and in the East.

scholarly journals LET'S WORK TOGETHER! ECONOMIC COOPERATION, SOCIAL CAPITAL, AND CHANCES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY IN CLASSICAL ATHENS

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marloes Deene
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Close Friend ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
The Political ◽  
Real Property ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
The Right

In the early fourth centurybc, a slave of possibly Phoenician origin, called Pasion, was owned by the Athenian bankers Antisthenes and Archestratos (Dem. 36.43). During the course of his slavery, Pasion quickly rose to become the trusted manager of his owners' money-changing and banking firm in Piraeus. After having been manumitted (Dem. 36.48), he took over the running of this bank (Isocr. 17,passim), became a very successful banker, and established a shield factory. His businesses prospered to the extent that by the time of his death in 370/369 he had assembled a fortune estimated at around 70 talents. With this money, Pasion made a number of generous benefactions to the Athenians, as a reward for which the Athenians passed a decree in his favour granting him a gold crown and the right of citizenship to him and his descendants ([Dem.] 59.2). As soon as he received his grant of citizenship, Pasion started to make use of his citizen rights and invested in real property. Although he was probably never actively involved in politics, he is known to have been a close friend of several members of the political elite, such as Agyrrhius of Collyte (Isocr. 17.31) and Callistratus of Aphnida (Dem. 49.47). Moreover, he had dealings with important public figures, such as Timotheus, son of Conon (Dem. 49,passim).

scholarly journals Brain correlates of suicide attempt in 18,925 participants across 18 international cohorts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian I. Campos ◽  
Paul M. Thompson ◽  
Dick J. Veltman ◽  
Elena Pozzi ◽  
Laura S. van Veltzen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Pool Data ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Brain Correlates ◽  
The Right

SUMMARYBackgroundSuicidal behavior is highly heterogeneous and complex. A better understanding of its biological substrates and mechanisms could inform the design of more effective suicide prevention and intervention strategies. Neuroimaging studies of suicidality have so far been conducted in small samples, prone to biases and false-positive associations, yielding inconsistent results. The ENIGMA-MDD working group aims to address the issues of poor replicability and comparability by coordinating harmonized analyses across neuroimaging studies of major depressive disorder and related phenotypes, including suicidal behavior.MethodsHere, we pool data from eighteen international cohorts with neuroimaging and clinical measurements in 18,925 participants (12,477 healthy controls and 6,448 people with depression, of whom 694 had attempted suicide). We compare regional cortical thickness and surface area, and measures of subcortical, lateral ventricular and intracranial volumes between suicide attempters, clinical controls (non-attempters with depression) and healthy controls.FindingsWe identified 25 regions of interest with statistically significant (FDR<0.05) differences between groups. Post-hoc examinations identified neuroimaging markers associated with suicide attempt over and above the effects of depression, including smaller volumes of the left and right thalamus and the right pallidum, and lower surface area of the left inferior parietal lobe.InterpretationThis study addresses the lack of replicability and consistency in several previously published neuroimaging studies of suicide attempt, and further demonstrates the need for well-powered samples and collaborative efforts to avoid reaching biased or misleading conclusions. Our results highlight the potential involvement of the thalamus, a structure viewed historically as a passive gateway in the brain, and the pallidum, a region linked to reward response and positive affect. Future functional and connectivity studies of suicidality may focus on understanding how these regions relate to the neurobiological mechanisms of suicide attempt risk.

Bishops and Presbyters at Alexandria

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Waldram Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
John Chrysostom ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Church

At the end of the fourth century a theory is found in the works of several writers to the effect that the episcopate and the presbyterate are essentially one order, differentiated only by the presiding function of the bishop and the reservation to him of the right of ordination. In the East this view is expressed in the homilies of St. John Chrysostom on I Timothy where he says:‘Discoursing of bishops, and having described their character, and the qualities which they ought to possess, and having passed over the order of presbyters, he proceeds to that of deacons. The reason of this omission was, that between presbyters and bishops there was no great difference. Both had undertaken the office of teachers and presidents in the Church, and what he has said concerning bishops is applicable to presbyters. For they are only superior in having the power of ordination, and seem to have no other advantage over presbyters.’

Epilogue

2020 ◽  
pp. 402-406
Author(s):  
Ross Shepard Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
First Century ◽  
Research Center ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The Right

THE CHRISTIANIZING OF the ancient Mediterranean came at a tremendous cost to many persons. It entailed the suppression and eradication of all traditional Mediterranean religious practice except that of Jews, Samaritans, and of course, Christians themselves. Temples and other cult sites were closed. Entering them for religious purposes was criminalized, and the penalties (threatened) for such acts were dire: banishment, deprivation of the right to bequeath property to one’s heirs, confiscation of property to state coffers, and even death. That such strategies may not have been entirely effective is immaterial; traditional Mediterranean religions were sufficiently decimated by the alliance of Christian bishops and Roman emperors that they would never recover. Theodosios I may have been optimistically premature in his perception that there were no more “pagani” in the late fourth century, but this would ultimately prove true enough. According to the Pew Research Center, in the twenty-first century, there are over 2 billion Christians, if of varying persuasions; there are no functioning temples to the ancient Mediterranean gods....

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