Muş in the Early Bronze Age

1997 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 105-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell S. Rothman ◽  
Gülriz Kozbe
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Marginal Zone ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Large Area ◽  
East Central ◽  
Eastern Turkey ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Great Culture ◽  
Near Future

In 1991 a crew of American, Canadian, and Turkish researchers began a new and comprehensive survey in the Muş Province of Eastern Turkey. The goal of the survey was to study the evolution of settlement and landuse in a marginal zone at the intersection of four great culture areas of the Middle East: Central Anatolia, Western Iran, the Transcaucasus, and Mesopotamia.This area of Eastern Turkey had been visited previously by I. K. Kökten in 1940s (1947) and Charles Burney in 1950s (1958). Given the large area these surveyors covered and their limited means of transportation, and given the newly excavated material coming from north of the great Taurus mountain massif and from Van (e.g., Sagona 1994, Sagona et al 1992, Çilingiroğlu 1987, 1988), a more comprehensive effort appeared warranted. The first season was six weeks in duration. During that time we re-visited 17 of the sites found by Kökten and Burney, and located 11 new sites. A second season was launched in 1993 with the aim of covering areas not surveyed previously (see Figure 1), mostly in the northern foothills and higher elevations near Hamurpet Lake. Unfortunately, conditions did not permit us to do a second season, nor is a season in the very near future likely. We, therefore, will be publishing the results we have already arrived at, aware that our sample is not complete.

Reassessing western and central Anatolian Early Bronze Age sealing practices: a case from Boz Höyük (Afyon)

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 59-75
Author(s):  
Michele Massa ◽  
Yusuf Tuna
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Social Complexity ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Western Anatolia ◽  
Administrative Practices

AbstractThis paper presents a detailed investigation of an Early Bronze Age clay sealing from Boz Höyük, a settlement mound located along the Büyük Menderes valley (inland western Anatolia). The artefact, clearly local in manufacture, was employed as a stopper to seal a bottle/flask and impressed with two different stamp seals. These elements are compared to all other published contemporary sealings in western and central Anatolia, in order to understand the degree of complexity of sealing practices in the region. In turn, evidence of Early Bronze Age Anatolian sealing practices is discussed in relation to the available evidence regarding the degree of social complexity in local communities. It is suggested that, during the Early Bronze Age, sealings were employed for product branding rather than control over storage and redistribution of commodities, and only at the beginning of the second millennium BC did the region witness the introduction of complex administrative practices.

Excavations at Thermi

1931 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 148-165
Author(s):  
W. Lamb ◽  
J. K. Brock
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Large Area ◽  
General Outline ◽  
New Developments

Since the first account of Thermi was written for Vol. XXX, a large area has been excavated, completing, more or less, the Early Bronze Age settlement, and defining, as far as is possible, a settlement belonging to the Late Bronze Age.As space is not unlimited, I have here omitted questions dealt with in Vol. XXX, and, when discussing new aspects of the site, have published less detailed evidence than I could wish. In short, this report must be supplemented, not only by the earlier one, but by a separate and complete publication. In the meantime, I have done my best to give a general outline of the new developments.The staff consisted of Miss Six, Mr. Hutchinson, Mr. Brock, Miss Mitchell (who was responsible for the maps during one season), myself and, for a shorter period, Mr. Cuttle of Downing College and Miss Horner of Newnham College.

scholarly journals Early Bronze Age metalwork in Central Anatolia – An archaeometric view from the hamlet

2014 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-290
Author(s):  
Evren Y. Geniş ◽  
Thomas Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Tin Alloys ◽  
Metal Artefacts ◽  
Spectroscopic Analyses ◽  
Sont Encore ◽  
De Se ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Bronze Ancien

Zusammenfassung: Folgender Beitrag diskutiert die Ergebnisse von an Metallfunden der frühbronzezeitlichen Nekropole Kalınkaya-Toptaştepe in Zentralanatolien vorgenommenen Spektralanalysen. Da archäometrische Daten für Zentralanatolien im 3. Jahrtausend immer noch lückenhaft sind und bevorzugt Fundkomplexe früher Zentralorte berücksichtigt, Assemblagen aus dörflichen Ansiedlung jedoch bislang weitgehend unerschlossen sind, ist diese Studie in erster Linie als dringend benötigte Verbreiterung der Quellenbasis zu verstehen. Arsen-Kupferlegierungen bestehen neben „echten“ Bronzen (Kupfer-Zinn), Kontaminationen wie Nickel mögen Rückschlüsse auf bestimmte Lagerstätten zulassen. Die erzielten Resultate ergeben somit einen guten Einblick in Metallverwendung und Legierungstraditionen einer Kleinsiedlung in der jüngeren anatolischen Frühbronzezeit Résumé: L’article ci-dessous présente les résultats d’analyses spectroscopiques menées sur un ensemble d’objets de l’âge du Bronze Ancien provenant de la nécropole de Kalınkaya-Toptaştepe en Anatolie centrale. Vu que les données archéométriques concernant le 3e millénaire av. J.-C. en Anatolie centrale sont encore fort rares, qu’elles proviennent surtout de grands centres occupés précédemment et que les ensembles provenant d’établissements ruraux n’ont presque pas fait l’objet de recherches, l’intention primaire de l’étude que nous présentons ici est d’attirer l’attention sur les données qui sont à notre disposition. Les alliages de cuivre et d’arsenic existent à côté de ‘vrais’ bronzes (alliages de cuivre et d’étain), et la contamination, par exemple par le nickel, peut fournir de nombreux indices sur la présence de dépôts spécifiques. Les résultats permettent de se faire une bonne idée de l’emploi des métaux et des techniques traditionnelles d’alliage utilisés dans un habitat mineur d’Anatolie vers la fin de l’âge du Bronze Ancien. Abstract: The following contribution discusses the results of spectroscopic analyses carried out on metal artefacts from the Early Bronze Age cemetery of Kalınkaya-Toptaştepe in central Anatolia. Given that archaeometric data from 3rd- millennium BCE Central Anatolia are still quite sparse, tend to stem mainly from earlier central places, and the assemblages from village sites have so far remained largely unexplored, the study we present here is primarily intended to draw much needed attention to the data that are available. Copper-arsenic alloys exist alongside ‘true’ bronzes (copper-tin alloys), and contamination, for example by nickel, can yield much information about specific deposits. The results obtained provide good insights into the use of metals and traditional alloying techniques on a minor settlement at the end of the Anatolian Early Bronze Age.

Grave-goods, contexts and interpretation: towards regional narratives of Early Bronze Age Scotland

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 21-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil C.A. Wilkin
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Spatial Patterning ◽  
Contextual Approach ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
East Central ◽  
North East ◽  
The Rich

This paper proposes that a contextual approach is required to make the most of the rich and diverse evidence for Early Bronze Age funerary practices in Scotland. It reviews the spatial patterning of the principal funerary traditions and identifies significant regional differences in their popularity by region. The chronological relationship between Beaker and Food Vessel burials is then reviewed in the light of new radiocarbon dates. Both distributional and chronological factors then contribute to a refined, regional and contextual approach to Beaker typology. The paper concludes by bringing these various strands together within the geographical and historical context of North-East and East-Central Scotland, in order to provide two regional ‘narratives’ of social organisation and identity.

Patterns of metal procurement, manufacture and exchange in Early Bronze Age northwestern Anatolia: Demircihüyük and beyond

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 51-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Massa ◽  
Orlene McIlfatrick ◽  
Erkan Fidan
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Central Plateau ◽  
Anatolian Plateau ◽  
Chemical Composition Analysis ◽  
Prehistoric Mining ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Mould Casting

AbstractThis paper adds a new interpretive layer to the already extremely well-investigated site of Demircihüyük, a small Early Bronze Age settlement at the northwestern fringes of the central Anatolian plateau. It presents a reassessment of the evidence for prehistoric mining in the region, as well as a new programme of chemical composition analysis integrated with an object functional and technological typology of the site's metal assemblages. The results reveal complex manufacturing techniques (such as bivalve mould casting, plating and lost wax) and the co-occurrence of several alloying types, including the earliest tin bronzes in the region. Object typology further indicates that the Demircihüyük community was at the intersection of two distinct metallurgical networks: one centred on the western Anatolian highlands, the other spanning the northern part of the central plateau. Additionally, several strands of evidence suggest that the beginning of interregional exchanges, linking central Anatolia to northern Levantine and Mesopotamian societies, may have started at an earlier date than the commonly assumed ca 3000–2800 BC.

A Transitional Phase in Minoan Metallurgy

1968 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 185-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Branigan
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Present Writer ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Important Paper ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Transitional Phase

In 1961 Miss Sandars published her important paper on the ancestry of the Aegean long-sword. She argued that the long-sword was an Aegean invention under Syrian influence, and traced some of the features of the long-sword back to the Early Bronze Age weapons of Crete. The present writer has recently published a comprehensive survey of these Early Bronze Age weapons and demonstrated that in E.M. III and M.M. IA several Syrian features were adopted for the Minoan long daggers. It has also proved possible to illustrate an influx of actual Syrian daggers, probably in M.M. IB–M.M. II, and to suggest the place they should occupy in the development of Minoan metallurgy. Despite these various inquiries, however, the vital transitional period of Minoan metalworking—M.M. IB–M.M. II—remains obscure. Apart from one or two exceptional pieces like the Mallia swords and the decorated dagger from Lasithi the products of this period have gone unstudied and their importance to the emergence of the long-sword and broad dagger has gone unrecognized. It is this situation which the writer seeks to remedy. This paper attempts to trace the development of the four main weapons of M.M. III–L.M. II (the long-sword, short-sword, broad dagger, and ‘winged’ dagger) from the end of the Early Bronze Age. A catalogue gives details of thirty-two weapons which the writer considers to belong to this transitional phase. Many of these were found in association with material of M.M. IB–M.M. II date, but some are not closely datable and others are probably to be dated to M.M. IA or possibly even E.M. III. This is because the qualification for entry into the catalogue has been that a weapon is of a transitional character, rather than of a certain date. In fact the transitional phase would seem to overlap to some extent with the end of the distinct and quite individual Early Bronze Age phase of metallurgy.

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