Limestone Pelleting of Subterranean Clover Tested on Acid Soils

1959 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Williams ◽  
Burgess L. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover

Interactions of surface drying and subsurface nutrients affecting plant growth on acidic soil profiles from an old pasture

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Pinkerton ◽  
JR Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Reconstituted Soil ◽  
Subsurface Layers ◽  
Surface Drying

Previous studies on soils from old pastures in southern New South Wales have demonstrated that nutrients have accumulated at the soil surface, but that the 40-100-mm depth layer in many profiles has become strongly acidic (e.g. pH 4.7), and high in extractable aluminium. Poor growth of subterranean clover has occurred on such soils during dry periods and may be associated with poor root growth in the acidic, nutrient-poor subsurface layers. Possible nutritional causes of these observations were investigated using reconstituted soil profiles. The root and shoot growth of subterranean clover, wheat, oats and lucerne were compared in unamended profiles and in profiles amended by applying nutrients or calcium carbonate (lime) to correct the more obvious deficiencies of the subsurface layers. Subterranean clover grew well as long as the surface soil remained moist, so that plants could utilise the nutrients potentially available within it. When the surface (0-40 mm) was allowed to dry but the subsurface layers remained moist, growth was poor unless phosphate was applied to the moist layer. Subsurface application of lime alone was ineffective. Nitrogen application increased clover growth in the presence of added phosphate or surface moisture, but nitrogen alone did little to alleviate the effects of surface drought. Wheat, and to a lesser extent oats, responded to subsurface lime when the surface was moist, and both responded to subsurface phosphate when the surface was dry. Lucerne responded to subsurface phosphate similarly to subterranean clover but the response was more than doubled in the presence of additional borate and lime. Lime without borate was not effective. When the surface was maintained moist, liming both the surface (0-40 mm) and subsurface layers improved the response over liming the subsurface layer only. The results suggest that declining fertility and productivity in old pastures developed on acid soils may not be rectified by liming alone, but that cultivation, ripping or drilling of phosphate, and in some cases addition of borate, may be required to improve the penetration of nutrients, particularly phosphorus, to greater depth.

The cobalt status of Tasmanian soils. II The recovery of applied cobalt in pot experiments

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 609 ◽  
Author(s):  
KD Nicolls ◽  
JL Honeysett
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Cobalt Content ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Ph Range

In glass-house experiments, cobalt was added at rates corresponding to 18, 32, or 36 oz CoSO4.7H2O per acre to 27 soils, mostly krasnozems. This treatment raised the cobalt content of subterranean clover tops significantly on only 13 soils, and on only five of the 13 by more than 0.05 p.p.m. Cobalt in control plants ranged from 0.05 to 0.32 p.p.m. The largest recovery of applied cobalt, by two successive crops of subterranean clover, was 4% of that applied. Mechanical contamination of plant material was avoided by adding the cobalt before sowing the first crop. Perennial ryegrass and white clover gave similar results, over four or five harvests. The implications for the practice of top-dressing pastures with cobalt salts are discussed. Cobalt application at the 36 oz rate increased cobalt in subterranean clover more than the 18 oz on three of the four soils tested at the two rates. There was some evidence for a greater recovery of applied cobalt from the more acid soils, over a pH range of 4.9 to 6.2.

The assessment of available manganese and aluminium status in acid soils under subterranean clover pastures of various ages

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (121) ◽  
pp. 192 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Bromfield ◽  
RW Cumming ◽  
DJ David ◽  
CH Williams
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
New South ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Manganese Toxicity ◽  
Manganese Concentration ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Practical Measure

Three methods of estimating available manganese and aluminium status in acid soils were compared on three groups of soils from the Pejar district near Goulburn, New South Wales in which differences in pH had been brought about by different periods under subterranean clover pasture. Managanese extracted by 0.01 M calcium chloride gave the best correlation with the manganese concentration in rape and subterranean clover grown in pot culture, and provided the best index of available manganese. Soil solution manganese was inferior to CaCl2-extractable manganese and was more difficult to determine. Extraction with neutral ammonium acetate was unsatisfactory because this reagent overestimated available forms of manganese in soils containing high levels of reactive manganese. Aluminium extracted by 0.01 M CaCl2 was well correlated with exchangeable aluminium and with percentage aluminium saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity. None of the three measures of aluminium status alone was an effective index for predicting lime response by rape on these soils because both manganese and aluminium status were involved in this response. These three parameters were equally effective in multiple regressions for yield responses of rape to lime. Because of its relative ease of determination, CaCl2 extraction is preferred as a practical measure of aluminium status. Aluminium interacted with and increased the toxic effects of manganese in rape. Thus CaCl2-extractable manganese alone only provided a satisfactory index of a 'critical' value for manganese toxicity in rape for soils low in available aluminium. Subterranean clover was only slightly affected by aluminium and manganese levels in these soils, and manganese toxicity symptoms were only observed on soils containing 50 ppm or more CaCl2-extractable manganese. Nodulation failure in pots occurred in all soils with pH below 5.2 (water) or below 4.3 in CaCl2, whereas nodulation was normal when these soils were treated with CaCO3 to raise the pH to 5.8-6.0 (water). With one exception nodulation appeared adequate at field sites from which soils showing nodulation failure in the glasshouse had been collected.

Effects of surface application of lime and superphosphate to acid soils on growth and N2 fixation by subterranean clover in mixed pasture swards

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 663-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.B. Peoples ◽  
D.M. Lilley ◽  
V.F. Burnett ◽  
A.M. Ridley ◽  
D.L. Garden
Keyword(s):  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Surface Application

Tolerance of Phalaris aquatica L. lines and some other agricultural species to excess manganese, and the effect of aluminium on manganese tolerance in P. aquatica

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 695 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Culvenor
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Manganese Tolerance ◽  
Manganese Uptake ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Manganese Concentrations

Tolerance to excess manganese in 13 Mediterranean accessions and 3 Australian cultivars of phalaris was determined in solution culture with manganese concentrations from 0.5 to 210 ppm. The effect of aluminium (0, 2.5, 5-0 ppm) on the response of two accessions to excess manganese was studied in a second experiment. Phalaris was very tolerant to excess manganese. Shoot yield at 150 ppm manganese ranged from 25 to 50% of the maximum yield, which was achieved at 0.5 ppm in some lines and at 40 ppm in others. The cultivars Australian and Sirosa were among the most tolerant types. With one exception, Algerian accessions were the least tolerant. These accessions were of similar tolerance to Egret, the most tolerant wheat cultivar examined. All phalaris lines were much more tolerant than Isis wheat, Clipper barley, Woogenellup subterranean clover and Jumbuck rape. Variation in tolerance of high internal manganese levels was the principal determinant of relative tolerance within phalaris. Shoot manganese concentrations causing 10% yield reduction ranged from 730 to 2200 8g g-1 dry wt. The greater tolerance of phalaris compared with the other species was due to lower manganese uptake and higher internal tolerance. Presence of aluminium in the solution did not increase the susceptibility of phalaris to manganese toxicity. Aluminium strongly reduced manganese uptake in phalaris. It is concluded that selection for manganese tolerance need be only of low priority in developing a phalaris cultivar with improved tolerance of acid soils.

Effects of lime on the botanical composition of pasture over nine years in a field experiment on the south-western slopes of New South Wales

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Li ◽  
K. R. Helyar ◽  
C. M. Evans ◽  
M. C. Wilson ◽  
L. J. C. Castleman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Plant Succession ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Eastern Australia

Two permanent pastures (annual pasture v. perennial pasture) were established in 1992 as part of the long-term field experiment, MASTER — Managing Acid Soils Through Efficient Rotations. The primary objective of the experiment was to develop an agricultural system that is economically viable and environmentally sustainable on the highly acidic soils in south-eastern Australia. This paper reports on the effects of lime on the botanical composition changes of annual and perennial pastures over 9 years. In general, lime increased the proportion of the desirable species, such as phalaris (Phalaris aquatica) in perennial pasture and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) in annual pastures, and decreased the proportion of the undesirable species, such as Vulpia spp., in both annual and perennial pastures, ultimately improving the quality of feed-on-offer to animals. As a result, the limed pastures carried 24% more sheep than the unlimed pastures, while maintaining individual animal performance similar for both limed and unlimed pastures. The phalaris-based perennial pasture was more stable in terms of maintaining the sown species than the annual pasture. Lime improved the persistence of phalaris and the longevity of the phalaris-based pasture should be at least 10 years. Lime changed the direction of plant succession of annual pastures. Without lime, Vulpia spp. gradually became more dominant while ryegrass and subterranean clover became less dominant in annual pastures. With lime, barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) gradually invaded the sward at the expense of ryegrass, thus reducing the benefits of lime, but this effect was less for the perennial pastures than for annual pastures. Liming perennial pastures should be more beneficial than liming annual pastures because of the beneficial effects on pasture composition. In addition, previously published work reported that liming perennial pastures improved sustainability through better use of water and nitrogen.

A description of acid soils and the relationships between properties of acid soils and the nutrient status of grazed pastures in the southeast of South Australia

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJV Hodge ◽  
DC Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Extractable Soil

Areas of low soil pH in the south-east of South Australia were delineated by using previously submitted soil samples and soil association maps. A survey was then undertaken in the major soil associations to determine the severity and characteristics of highly acid soils. The acid soil types identified were a siliceous sand over clay (Db/Dy) and a siliceous sand over organic matter/sesquioxide pan (Uc). The top 2.5 cm of both soil types was significantly less acid than the remaining portion of the A horizon, with pH decreasing rapidly with depth until the B horizon, where a substantial soil pH increase occurred. As soil pH (0.01 M CaCl2) decreased below 4.5, extractable soil aluminium (0.01 M CaCl2) increased rapidly, to a maximum extractable concentration of 17 �g g-l. These soil types were also found to be deficient in both phosphorus and potassium, with 65% of the sites having extractable phosphorus concentrations below the critical value of 20 �g g-1 and 35% below the critical value for extractable potassium of 80 �g g-l. For subterranean clover, significant positive correlations were observed between soil pH and plant calcium and sulfur, and between extractable soil aluminium and plant aluminium. Significant negative correlations were observed between soil pH and plant manganese and between extractable soil aluminium and plant calcium and magnesium. For ryegrass, significant positive correlations were observed between extractable soil aluminium and plant aluminium and manganese. Significant negative correlations were observed between soil pH and plant manganese and between extractable soil aluminium and plant calcium. No other significant correlations were obtained. The results are discussed in relation to further acidification and management of these acid siliceous sands.

Lime and molybdenum in clover development on acid soils

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Anderson ◽  
DV Moye
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Low Levels

In a study of the factors concerned in the effect of lime on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) on an acid soil where nodulation is defective, it has been found that responses equal to those obtained with heavy dressings of lime can be obtained by the application of molybdenum together with only 2 cwt. of lime per acre at seeding. Marked response to molybdenum was obtained only where low levels of lime were used. Where heavier dressings of lime were applied the clover grew normally and did not then require treatment with molybdenum. Where no lime was used nodulation was defective and, during the first two )ears, response to molybdenum did not occur or was very small. Nodulation subsequently improved on the unlimed soil and response to molybdenum progressively increased over the five-year period of the experiments. In the year of sowing best results were obtained where the inoculated seed was drilled with the lime. The evidence suggests that defective nodulation of subterranean clover may be expected on new land where the soil reactions are less than pH 5.0, and that soils of higher pH but with minimum values less than pH 5.5 are also suspect. The importance of treatment with adequate superphosphate in addition to lime and molybdenum in the development of subterranean clover on this acid soil is stressed. The interpretation and significance of the positive and negative lime-molybdenum interactions obtained are discussed.

Nodulation of subterranean clover growing in permanent pastures on acid soils in North-Central Victoria

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
HR Jones ◽  
BC Curnow
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Rhizobium Trifolii ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
North Central ◽  
Exchangeable Calcium ◽  
Central Victoria ◽  
Clover Root

A survey ofclover at 44 sites in permanent dryland pastures in North-Central Victoria, highlighted poor nodulation of subterranean clover.In 1982 and 1983 respectively only 40 and 62% of plants were effectively nodulated 8-10 weeks after germination of the clover. Clover root rot was also present in both years, 64% of plants being affected in 1982 and 14% in 1983. Nodulation was negatively correlated with the incidence of root rot and with the percentage of exchangeable aluminium in the soil and positively correlated with the percentage of exchangeable calcium in the soil. The number of Rhizobium trifolii in the soil was not correlated with any of the soil factors measured.

Comparative growth responses of N2-fixing and N-fertilized subterranean clover on acid soils

1987 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Wright ◽  
R. J. Wright ◽  
O. L. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Growth Responses
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