Nineteenth-Century Arrow Wounds and Perceptions of Prehistoric Warfare

2005 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
George R. Milner
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
American West ◽  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Indian Wars ◽  
Bone Damage ◽  
The World ◽  
Ways Of Life

In recent years, prehistoric warfare has increasingly attracted the attention of archaeologists in North America, much like other parts of the world. Skeletons with several forms of trauma, including arrow wounds, are often used as evidence of intergroup conflict, although opinion is divided over what these casualties might mean in terms of the effect of warfare on everyday life. Information on 191 patients from the nineteenth-century Indian Wars in the American West indicates that only about one in three arrows damaged bone, and as many as one-half of wounded lived for months or years following their injuries. Arrow wound distributions vary among Indian Wars cases, modern Papua New Guinea patients, and prehistoric skeletons from eastern North America, in large part because of differences in how fighting was conducted. Despite arguments to the contrary, it is reasonable to infer that even low percentages of archaeological skeletons with distinctive conflict-related bone damage indicate that warfare must have had a perceptible impact on ways of life.

The Identification and Study of Indian Shell Middens in Eastern North America: 1643–1861

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L. Christenson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
North America ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Shell Midden ◽  
Shell Middens ◽  
Work Done

Although the interest in shell middens in North America is often traced to reports of the discoveries in Danish kjoekkenmoeddings in the mid-nineteenth century, extensive shell midden studies were already occurring on the East Coast by that time. This article reviews selected examples of this early work done by geologists and naturalists, which served as a foundation for shell midden studies by archaeologists after the Civil War.

Geographic variation in a widespread perennial weed, Rumex crispus. The relative amounts of genetic and environmentally induced variation among populations

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 1928-1937 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hume ◽  
P. B. Cavers
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
North America ◽  
Genetic Heterogeneity ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Rumex Crispus ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World

Populations of Rumex crispus were sampled from eastern North America and Europe. The relative amounts of genetic variation and plasticity were examined, using 58 plant characters. About 61% of the total variation occurring in the experimental plants was accounted for by plasticity. The remaining 26% and 13% occurred within populations and among widespread populations, respectively. At the local level, there was little difference between variation occurring within genotypes and that within families (between maternal siblings). This suggests that the species is predominantly inbreeding. The majority of genetic variation occurs within populations at both the local and species' range levels.It was concluded that the species has large amounts of both flexibility and genetic heterogeneity. This adaptive strategy enables the species to survive under a very wide range of environmental situations and largely accounts for its becoming one of the most widely distributed plants in the world.

scholarly journals Making a Bible Enterprise: James Thomson and the British and Foreign Bible Society in British North America, 1838–1842

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Barnard
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
British North America ◽  
The World ◽  
Ample Supply ◽  
James Thomson ◽  
Historical Developments

The reading and study of bibles in Canada has shaped the ways in which the Christian faith is practiced, but it was not until the middle of the nineteenth century that bibles became widely available. This article examines the historical developments of bible distribution in British North America, focusing on the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS), which became the largest distributor of bibles in the world. Strengthening the BFBS's Canadian influence was its agent James Thomson, whose work in British North America between 1838 and 1842 expanded the organization’s reach and ensured an ample supply of bibles in the colonies. Through the expansion of local Bible Society auxiliaries and the establishment of distribution networks, Thomson laid the foundations for the BFBS’s success in establishing a successful bible enterprise that would dominate the trade in British North America for the rest of the century.

scholarly journals A Review of North American Isoetes engelmannii (Isoetaceae) complex hybrids, including the description of I. × fernaldii, hyb. nov. and I. × karenae, hyb. nov.

Webbia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Francis Brunton ◽  
Paul Clayton Sokoloff
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Cytological Evidence ◽  
The World ◽  
In The Wild

The Isoetes engelmannii complex of eastern North America consists of 30 taxa including 13 named species. Nine of the 17 hybrids within the complex (the largest group of Isoetes hybrids in the world) have been formally described. Those named hybrids are reviewed here in light of recent additions to and enhancements of the morphological and cytological evidence employed in their original description. The pedigree of three of these, I. ×brittonii, I. ×bruntonii and I. ×carltaylorii, is updated and clarified. Formal descriptions are proposed for two additional taxa: I. ×fernaldii, hyb. nov. (I. engelmannii × I. hyemalis) and I. ×karenae, hyb. nov. (I. appalachiana × engelmannii). The potential for a further eight hybrid combinations to occur in the wild is also addressed.

Tracing the Fur Trade

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Cromwell
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
North America ◽  
Historical Archaeology ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Fur Trade ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
Interethnic Relationships

The origins of historical archaeology in the Pacific Northwest of North America in the mid-twentieth century concentrated on the excavations of British terrestrial fur trade forts, but little synthesis and inter-site comparisons of available data has been completed. This chapter presents a comparative typological analysis of these early-nineteenth-century British and Chinese ceramic wares recovered from the Northwest Company’s Fort Okanogan (ca. 1811–1821), Fort Spokane (ca. 1810–1821), Fort George (ca. 1811–1821) and the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Fort Vancouver (ca. 1825–1860). This study helps to reveal the extent that early Victorian ideals gave precedence to the supply of British manufactured goods to these colonial outposts on the opposite side of the world and what the presence of these ceramic wares may reveal about the complex interethnic relationships and socioeconomic statuses of the occupants of these forts and the Native Americans who engaged in trade with these forts.

Skating in the New World

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Hines
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
American Revolution ◽  
New World ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Recreational Activity ◽  
Figure Skaters ◽  
The World ◽  
Important Center

This chapter discusses the development of skating in the New World. There is much evidence of skating activity throughout the Colonies in the years before the American Revolution. It was a recreational activity, with racing being especially popular, but as a discipline little is known about it. Bone skates as a practical solution for travel across frozen landscapes were discovered independently in various parts of the world. French trappers who worked in eastern North America learned from the Iroquois Indians the practice of tying bones to their feet to traverse frozen rivers. Thus, in North America as in Europe and Asia, skating on bones must have existed for thousands of years. Bladed skates, however, were probably unknown in the New World before the eighteenth century, perhaps introduced by British officers stationed in Nova Scotia following its seizure from the French in 1713. By the mid-eighteenth century, skating was practiced along the East Coast whenever ice was available. Philadelphia became skating's first important center and could boast of competent figure skaters.

CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) ASSOCIATED WITH MYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM IN OKANAGAN VALLEY LAKES, BRITISH COLUMBIA

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (11) ◽  
pp. 1545-1546 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Kangasniemi ◽  
D. R. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Myriophyllum Spicatum ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Aquatic Weed ◽  
Okanagan Valley

Eurasian water milfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum Linnaeus, was introduced into eastern North America late in the nineteenth century. It has spread and developed into a major aquatic weed in many areas of the United states and Canada (Aiken et al. 1979; Reed 1977). In British Columbia, it was first observed in the Vernon Arm of Okanagan Lake in 1970 and had spread to all major 1,akes in the Okanagan Valley by 1976 (Newroth 1979).

‘Indian Wars’ and the Struggle for Eastern North America, 1763–1842

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Owens
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Indian Wars

The moss flora of the Gaspé Peninsula (Quebec, Canada): list of species and preliminary analysis

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 1780-1799 ◽  
Author(s):  
René J. Belland ◽  
Marc Favreau
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Last Glaciation ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
The World ◽  
First Time ◽  
Gaspe Peninsula ◽  
Gaspé Peninsula

Extensive field studies and evaluation of previously published reports reveal a moss flora of at least 310 species for the Gaspé Peninsula. Forty species are reported for the first time from the peninsula, and Brachythecium glaciale is new to Quebec. While the Gaspé flora cannot be considered a distinctive one within the Gulf of St. Lawrence region, the large number of rare species is significant. Their presence in the Gaspé can be attributed to the diverse geology and topography of the peninsula. The bulk of the moss flora is clearly of boreal affinity, but many species have temperate, montane, or arctic – alpine distributions. Of special interest is the large proportion of species with various types of disjunct distributions, either within eastern North America or to other parts of the world, especially western North America. Some patterns strongly support the idea of survival in refugia in the Gulf of St. Lawrence region during the last glaciation.

Anglicans, Puritans and American Indians: Persecution or Toleration?

1984 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 189-198
Author(s):  
H. C. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
North America ◽  
New England ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
American Indians ◽  
Belief System ◽  
Sermon On The Mount ◽  
The World ◽  
Roger Williams ◽  
Ways Of Life

‘Go ye into all the world, and preach the Gospel to every creature’ (Mark 16: 15). Modern historians find it fashionable to categorise Missions as examples of Cultural Conflict. Members of the ethnohistorical school—concerned especially with the meeting and blending of Indian and European ways of life—present Conversion as a species of Persecution: an infringement of Indian human rights, an exercise in ethnocentrism or exploitative capitalism—part of the Cant of Conquest. Conversion—the colonialisation of a native belief system—means ‘acculturation’, ‘deculturation’, or tragic ‘despiritualisation’. Accounts of the relation between Indians and English colonists in colonial North America take a hint from the complaint of Roger Williams of Rhode Island, writing in 1654 to the authorities of Massachusetts about the destructive wars, cruel and unnecessary, against the tribes of New England. Christianity means conquest, harsh and brutal. Some of this emphasis on atrocities may spring from historians’ indignation at Christian activities apparently so alien to the Sermon on the Mount.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document