353, 367, or 357? Splitting the Difference or Taking a New Approach?

The phenomenon of economic growth is studied by economists and statisticians in various aspects for a long time. Economic theory is devoted to assessing factors of growth in the tradition of R. Solow, R. Barrow, W. Easterly and others. During the last quarter of the century, however, the institutionalists, namely D. North, D. Wallis, B. Weingast as well as D. Acemoglu and J. Robinson, have shown the complexity of the problem of development on the part of socioeconomic and political institutions. As a result, solving the problem of how economic growth affects inequality between countries has proved extremely difficult. The modern world is very diverse in terms of development level, and the article offers a new approach to the formation of the idea of stylized facts using cluster analysis. The existing statistics allows to estimate on a unified basis the level of GDP production by 174 countries of the world for 1992—2016. The article presents a structured picture of the world: the distribution of countries in seven clusters, different in levels of development. During the period under review, there was a strong per capita GDP growth in PPP in the middle of the distribution, poverty in various countries declined markedly. At the same time, in 1992—2016, the difference increased not only between rich and poor groups of countries, but also between clusters.

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Words are constructions, too: A construction-based approach to English ablaut reduplication

Linguistics ◽

10.1515/ling-2020-0169 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 58 (6) ◽

pp. 1701-1735

Author(s):

Jeroen van de Weijer ◽

Weiyun Wei ◽

Yumeng Wang ◽

Guangyuan Ren ◽

Yunyun Ran

Keyword(s):

New Approach ◽

The Difference

AbstractIn this article we present a new approach to words of the type zigzag, chitchat, etc. in English. Such words form a formal (phonological) and functional (semantic) pattern in English. We argue that this pattern should be analysed in a construction-based approach, which has clear advantages over other approaches, e.g. analyses involving extragrammaticality or a synchronically productive reduplication process. We propose to extend the construction-based approach beyond its original scope (syntactic constructions) to words that may even no longer be morphologically complex. Finally, we make a tentative suggestion about how the difference between productive and unproductive patterns could be captured in the construction-based approach.

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Secondary Flow in Cascades: Two Simple Derivations for the Components of Vorticity

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science ◽

10.1243/jmes_jour_1974_016_073_02 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 391-401 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

P. M. Came ◽

H. Marsh

Keyword(s):

Secondary Flow ◽

Secondary Circulation ◽

Governing Equations ◽

New Approach ◽

Simple Theories ◽

Fluid Particles ◽

The Difference ◽

Downstream Flow ◽

Three Components

By considering a many-bladed cascade, two simple theories are developed for secondary flow in cascades. Following the work of Hawthorne (1)†, three components of vorticity are identified at exit from the cascade. An expression is obtained for the difference in the time taken for fluid particles to travel over the two surfaces of the blade, and this is used to derive the governing equations for the distributed secondary, trailing filament and trailing shed vorticities. It is shown that, for a many-bladed cascade, the total secondary circulation in the downstream flow is zero. The calculation of secondary flow for a real cascade is discussed, and it is shown that earlier calculations of secondary flow at exit from cascades are consistent with this new approach.

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The neural crest and the acoustic ganglion

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.17.3.533 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 533-541

Author(s):

M. S. Deol

Keyword(s):

Neural Crest ◽

Sole Source ◽

New Approach ◽

Present Purpose ◽

Difference Of Opinion ◽

Mammalian Embryos ◽

The Subject ◽

Otic Placode ◽

The Difference ◽

Mutant Genes

Although the origin of the acoustic ganglion has been the subject of numerous studies there is no unanimity of opinion about it. Most of the earlier investigators (Bartelmez, 1922; Adelman, 1925), using mammalian embryos, believed that it arose from the neural crest, but the experiments of Campenhout (1935) and Yntema (1937) on amphibian embryos led them to the view that it was largely, if not wholly, of placodal origin. This view was supported by Halley (1955), who worked on the cat, and later by Batten (1958), who worked on the sheep. In fact Batten stated categorically that the otic placode was the sole source of the acoustic ganglion. It was thought that an entirely new approach to the problem, namely the use of mutant genes, might help to resolve the difference of opinion. The most suitable mutant for the present purpose seemed to be piebald-lethal (symbol s1; Lane, 1966).

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A new approach for the removal of unfixed dyes from reactive dyed cotton by Fenton oxidation

Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination ◽

10.2166/wrd.2019.011 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 133-141

Author(s):

Sana Islam ◽

Irfan Ahmed Shaikh ◽

Nabeela Firdous ◽

Azhar Ali ◽

Yumna Sadef

Keyword(s):

Treatment Time ◽

Color Difference ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Water Levels ◽

Fenton Oxidation ◽

Color Strength ◽

New Approach ◽

Reactive Dyeing ◽

The Difference ◽

Day By Day

Abstract The use of fresh water in the textile wash-off process is becoming more expensive day by day due to declining water levels in the region. In this study, the potential of using Fenton oxidation in wash-off cotton reactive dyeing was investigated. The spent wash-off wastewater from one dyeing was first treated with Fenton oxidation, and then reused in several washing-offs employing widely used reactive dyes, C.I. Reactive Yellow 145, C.I. Reactive Blue 21, and C.I. Reactive Red 195. Experimental results showed that at acidic pH (3) using optimized quantities of FeSO4 and H2O2, Fenton process yielded a significant reduction (90–95%) of color in 30 minutes of treatment time. New washing-offs were then carried out in Fenton decolorized wash-off wastewater, and dyed cotton fabric samples were subjected to quality evaluations in terms of color difference properties (ΔL*, Δc*,Δb*, Δa*, ΔE*cmc) and wash fastness properties. This study concluded that after Fenton oxidation, treated liquor can be effectively reused subsequent washing-offs without compromising fabric quality parameters as ΔE*cmc was less than 1, and washing and crocking was also in the range of 4.5–5 which is commercially acceptable. Moreover, the difference in color strength in terms of k/s was also negligible.

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Curvature, a mechanical link between the geometrical complexities of a fault: application to bends, kinks and rough faults

Geophysical Journal International ◽

10.1093/gji/ggaa308 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 223 (1) ◽

pp. 211-232

Author(s):

Pierre Romanet ◽

Dye SK Sato ◽

Ryosuke Ando

Keyword(s):

Numerical Models ◽

Slip Distribution ◽

Unified Framework ◽

New Approach ◽

Fault Surface ◽

Earthquake Mechanics ◽

Analytical Perspective ◽

The Difference ◽

Field Lines ◽

New Interpretation

SUMMARY Many recent studies have tried to determine the influence of geometry of faults in earthquake mechanics. However, it still remains largely unknown, and it is explored mainly with numerical models. In this paper, we will try to understand how exactly does the geometry come into play in the mechanics of an earthquake from analytical perspective. We suggest a new interpretation of the effect of geometry on the stress on a fault, where the curvatures of the fault that multiply the slip play a major role. Starting from the representation theorem, which links the displacement in a medium to the slip distribution on its boundary, and assuming a 3-D, homogeneous, infinite medium, a regularized boundary-element equation can be obtained. Using this equation, it is possible to separate the influence of geometry, as expressed by the curvatures and torsions of the field lines of slip on the fault surface, which multiply the slip, from the effect of the gradient of slip. This allows us to shed new light on the mechanical effects of geometrical complexities on the fault surface, with the key parameters being the curvatures and torsions of the slip field lines. We have used this new approach to show that, in 2-D static in-plane problems, the shear traction along the fault is mainly controlled by the gradient of slip along the fault, while the normal traction is mainly controlled by the slip that multiplies the curvature along the fault. Finally, we applied this new approach to re-interpret the effect of roughness (why there is a need for a minimum lengthscale in linear elasticity, how to study mechanically the difference of roughness measurements with the direction of slip, scaling of slip distribution versus geometry), bends and kinks (what is the difference between the two, are they sometimes equivalent), as well as to explain further the false paradox between smooth-and-abrupt-bends. This unified framework allows us to improve greatly our understanding of the effect of fault geometry on the mechanics of earthquakes.

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On a new approach to assessing the energy characteristics of substances

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201912401017 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 124 ◽

pp. 01017

Author(s):

O. S. Sirotkin ◽

A. M. Pavlova ◽

R. O. Sirotkin ◽

A. E. Buntin

Keyword(s):

Energy Production ◽

Chemical Interaction ◽

Heat Of Formation ◽

Redox Properties ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Reaction Products ◽

Energy Characteristics ◽

New Approach ◽

Production Technologies ◽

The Difference

Within the unified model of chemical bonding and methods of quantitative assessment of components of mixed chemical interaction between the elements in compounds, developed by the authors, a new approach was developed to assess the structural and energy characteristics of substances and fuels. It comprises establishing a correlation between the difference of bonds’ chemical components of reactants and end products. Changes in the chemical bond components affect such characteristics of chemical reactions as the heat of formation of the reaction products, their redox properties, whether reaction is endoor exothermic, as well as the heat of fuel combustion reactions. This approach is an additional reserve for improving the methods for assessing the energy characteristics of fuels and increasing the efficiency of energy production technologies.

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New Approach in COD Fractionation Methods

Water ◽

10.3390/w11071484 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1484 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ewelina Płuciennik-Koropczuk ◽

Sylwia Myszograj

Keyword(s):

Degradation Rate ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Detailed Knowledge ◽

New Approach ◽

High Compliance ◽

The Difference ◽

Biochemical Degradation ◽

Raw Wastewater

Conventional quality parameters such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) or Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) give information about the quantity of organic matter present in wastewater, but do not give a clear indication of the biodegradability of the pollutants flowing in the WWTP. Detailed knowledge can be obtained by dividing the total COD into fractions. Fractionation and balancing of COD can be determined in various ways and with varying accuracy. Good wastewater characteristics are obtained on the basis of COD fractionation in accordance with ATV-A 131 guidelines, especially when the wastewater characteristics are in high compliance with the assumptions of the method. The article proposes a modification of the ATV-A131 method that increases the accuracy of determining the COD fraction. In order to reduce errors in the calculation of COD fractions, the value of fraction XS was calculated on the basis of the biochemical degradation rate determined in studies (k) for raw wastewater, whereas the SI fraction was calculated from the difference between SCOD and BODTot of filtered treated wastewater. BODTot of the treated wastewater was calculated taking into account the rate of biochemical degradation determined in the studies (k) for treated wastewater. The shares of individual COD fractions in raw wastewater calculated on the basis of the standard and modified procedure differed by approx. 10% in the case of suspension fractions. Modification of the methodology to determine the COD of the treated wastewater SS fraction significantly influenced the contents of all fractions in treated wastewater.

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Poly-phase signal generation and optimizationof LPI Radar: A new approach

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v7i2.6.10141 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2.6) ◽

pp. 147

Author(s):

Jayshree Kamble ◽

I A Pasha ◽

M Madhavilatha

Keyword(s):

Spread Spectrum ◽

Pulse Compression ◽

Detection Performance ◽

Complex Signal ◽

New Approach ◽

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum ◽

Phase Signal ◽

The Difference ◽

Processing Techniques ◽

Digital Receivers

Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) Radar own certain positive characteristics make them nearly undetectable by Intercept Receivers. In a battle field, this present a considerable strategic problem. New digital receivers required complex signal processing techniques to detect these types of Radar. This paper address the problem of constructing a new hybrid waveform design using Poly-Phase modulation technique to optimize the detection performance of LPI Radar. Phase coded Pulse compression waveforms using Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) are designed to evaluate the detection performance of LPI radar in terms of Discrimination factor (DF).The difference in DF of the Poly-phase coded and Binary phase coded signals is increasing with the increase in the phase values.The effect of noise on Hybrid Poly-Phase waveforms examined using the signal to noise ratios of -10dB,-15dB and -20dB and extract the parameter necessary for the LPI Radar system.

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A new approach to normalize myocardial temperature in the open-chest pig model

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1998.84.6.2190 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 84 (6) ◽

pp. 2190-2197 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Frank Grund ◽

Hilchen T. Sommerschild ◽

Knut A. Kirkebøen ◽

Arnfinn Ilebekk

Keyword(s):

Coronary Artery ◽

Temperature Fluctuations ◽

Pig Model ◽

New Approach ◽

Pentobarbital Sodium ◽

Thoracic Temperature ◽

Open Chest ◽

Myocardial Temperature ◽

The Difference ◽

Pentobarbital Sodium Anesthesia

To prevent unphysiological temperature fluctuations in the myocardium in the open-chest model, we constructed a thermocage. Five pigs under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia underwent repetitive left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery occlusions. Myocardial temperature was measured without any thoracic temperature-controlling device and in the presence of either a heating lamp or the thermocage. Without any thoracic temperature-controlling device, the temperature at 5-mm myocardial depth was 1.28 ± 0.33°C below the intra-abdominal temperature ( P < 0.05). During a proximal 5-min LAD occlusion, myocardial temperature decreased by 1.86 ± 1.02°C in the ischemic area ( P < 0.05). Both the heating lamp and the thermocage abolished the difference between intra-abdominal and myocardial temperatures and prevented the decrease in myocardial temperature during ischemia. Only the thermocage minimized myocardial temperature fluctuations due to air currents and prevented epicardial exsiccation. We conclude that either a thermocage or a heating lamp may be used to normalize myocardial temperature in the open-chest pig model. However, the thermocage is superior to the lamp in minimizing temperature fluctuations and preventing epicardial exsiccation.

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