Puerto Rican Music following the Spanish-American War: 1898, the Aftermath of the Spanish-American War and Its Influence on the Musical Culture of Puerto Rico

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Donald Thompson ◽  
Catherine Dower
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Musical Culture ◽  
Spanish American War

The Rise and Fall of Puerto Rico as a Social Laboratory, 1945–1965

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lapp
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Spanish American War

Before the 1940s Puerto Rico was an obscure possession for most American social scientists, as indeed it was for most United States citizens. Conquered in the Spanish-American War, Puerto Rico was overshadowed in the American consciousness by its more tumultuous neighbor Cuba. To be sure, by the 1930s, there were sparks of interest among foundation staffs, New Dealers, and radicals in the plight of the Puerto Rican poor. Yet on the whole the island continued to merit only cursory attention.

The United States and the Economic Development of Puerto Rico

1952 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-59
Author(s):  
Harvey S. Perloff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Spanish American War ◽  
Tariff Structures

Puerto Rico became an insular possession of the United States following the Spanish-American War in 1898. Shortly thereafter the island was brought within the monetary and tariff structures of the United States, and mainland capital began to flow into the island, especially in the form of investments in the sugar industry. These factors were mainly responsible for shaping the Puerto Rican economy and for tying it closely to the economy of the United States.

Indescribable Beings

2021 ◽  
pp. 30-70
Author(s):  
Marilisa Jiménez García
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Young People ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Picture Books ◽  
Visual Media ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Spanish American War ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of

This chapter establishes literature for young people and school readers as prominent, visual media used by US and Puerto Rican writers, both those in the diaspora and Puerto Rico, throughout the history of the US and Puerto Rico relationship beginning in 1898 with the Spanish American War. This chapter analyzes several prominent picture books, and illustrated textbooks read in the US and PR, from a variety of authors including Ezra Jack Keats and Ángeles Pastor.

Spanish and Puertorriqueñidad

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-20
Author(s):  
Amílcar Antonio Barreto
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Puerto Ricans ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Language Of Instruction ◽  
Holy Grail ◽  
Spanish American War ◽  
Official Languages ◽  
Puerto Rican Nationalism ◽  
Language Law

In the aftermath of the 1898 Spanish-American War, federal policymakers sought to transform Puerto Ricans from loyal Spaniards to trustworthy Americans. Public schools employing English as the language of instruction were the primary vehicles implementing this change. Behind this policy were deeply ingrained attitudes that took for granted the superiority of Anglo Saxons and, by extension, their English vernacular. Contrary to expectations, the Americanization effort backfired and even fueled Puerto Rican nationalism. The island’s intelligentsia took up the banner of preserving Puerto Rican identity (Puerto Ricanness) and canonized the Spanish language as a core feature of puertorriqueñidad. In tandem with a change in education policy was the adoption of a new language law—one that declared Spanish and English co-official languages of the Puerto Rican government. Repealing that law became a holy grail for the island’s nationalists.

The Caribbean, Carlos Finlay, Walter Reed, and Serendipity

2021 ◽  
pp. 182-197
Author(s):  
Robert N. Wiedenmann ◽  
J. Ray Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Spanish American War ◽  
Spanish Colonies ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Post War

This chapter reviews the role of expanding sugarcane plantations throughout the Caribbean in the movement of slaves, mosquitoes and disease, as world empires jockeyed for dominance in world sugar markets. It relates how increased sugarcane production and exports to Europe led to increased importation of slaves to work the fields. As the African embarkation point of slaves moved north to the Slave Coast, yellow fever and the mosquito Aedes aegypti came into play, though when England banned slaveholding, sugar production shifted to the Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico and Cuba. The brief Spanish-American War of 1898, over control of Cuba, cemented the fame of Colonel Theodore Roosevelt but resulted in more deaths from yellow fever than combat, with the outbreak continuing during the post-war occupation of Cuba. Serendipity played a significant role in the subsequent discovery of the cause of the disease, connecting the Yellow Fever Commission, led by Major Walter Reed, with Cuban physician, Dr. Carlos Finlay, whose early experiments pointed to mosquitos and others while a series of experiments by Reed's team showed Aedes aegypti was the vector.

scholarly journals Educating the Mainland Public

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indica Ayn Mattson
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Young Adult Literature ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Spanish American War ◽  
White American ◽  
Political Sovereignty ◽  
Uncertain Future ◽  
Nancy Drew ◽  
Adventure Novels

This research focuses on two examples of young adult literature—Young Hunters in Porto Rico; or, the Search for a Lost Treasure, and A Yankee Lad’s Pluck: How Bert Larkin Saved His Father’s Ranch in the Island of Porto Rico—published by the Stratemeyer Syndicate and the syndicate’s league of mass-market imitators immediately following the end of the Spanish-American War in 1898. These imperialistic adventure novels coincided with the U.S. implementation of the doctrine of Americanization, or the American colonial mission to instruct Puerto Ricans in self-government and democratic values in anticipation for some uncertain future form of economic and political sovereignty for the island. Edward Stratemeyer built his vast fiction empire, the publishing house for such series as Nancy Drew and the Hardy Boys, upon imperial romances which glorified the events of the Spanish-American War and presented recently-acquired U.S. territories—such as Puerto Rico—as sites of adventure beyond mainland confines to a predominately male, teenage audience. Borrowing from an English literary tradition, these novels energized young, white, American men to act as willing participants in the imperial imagination while simultaneously instilling in them expectations for Puerto Rican behavior and identity.

scholarly journals The Situation of Puerto Rico in the First Half of the 20th Century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángel Carrión-Tavárez ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Federal Programs ◽  
Spanish Colonialism ◽  
Spanish American War ◽  
High Unemployment ◽  
Extreme Poverty

After 390 years of Spanish colonialism, Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain to the United States, as a result of the Spanish-American War and the Treaty of Paris. At the dawn of the 20th century, the situation on the Island was one of extreme poverty, high unemployment, and widespread illiteracy. Federal programs alleviated the situation on the Island but began to institutionalize a major problem: the evil of passively waiting for economic aid from abroad, instead of seeking to solve the problems by its own initiative.

The Politics of Language in Puerto Rico

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amílcar Antonio Barreto
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
English Language ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Spanish American War ◽  
American Federation ◽  
American National Identity ◽  
Official Languages

Should Spanish be Puerto Rico’s sole official language, or should English be a co-official language? Answers to this question are inseparable from matters of cultural pride, nationalism, and political motivations. The island’s government was declared officially bilingual soon after the Spanish-American War. Attempts to overturn the 1902 official languages law failed until 1991 when Governor Rafael Hernández-Colón signed a bill declaring Spanish the sole official language. This updated book explores the complex machinations involved in promoting competing language policies in Puerto Rico since those first salvos in the language wars were launched three decades ago. Far from an isolated controversy, the clash over official languages in this US territory is inseparable from the larger debate over the island’s status and congressional views on the nexus between the English language and American national identity. Were it to become a separate country or remain a Commonwealth, federal policymakers could afford to ignore the island’s language deliberations. Statehood is a completely different matter. Members of Congress have disparate views on whether the American federation is capable or willing to accept a new state dominated by Spanish speakers. Political operatives in San Juan and Washington continue to exploit the island’s language policy issue as a weapon promoting or sabotaging congressional support for statehood. Far from an isolated issue, the Puerto Rico language controversy has been conscripted into the larger battle over American identity. Such debates cast doubts on the country’s willingness to embrace diversity and its commitment to the sacrosanct Civic Creed.

Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart White
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Spanish American War ◽  
Guerrilla War ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Us ◽  
Santiago De Cuba

The Spanish-American War is best understood as a series of linked conflicts. Those conflicts punctuated Madrid’s decline to a third-rank European state and marked the United States’ transition from a regional to an imperial power. The central conflict was a brief conventional war fought in the Caribbean and the Pacific between Madrid and Washington. Those hostilities were preceded and followed by protracted and costly guerrilla wars in Cuba and the Philippines. The Spanish-American War was the consequence of the protracted stalemate in the Spanish-Cuban War. The economic and humanitarian distress which accompanied the fighting made it increasingly difficult for the United States to remain neutral until a series of Spanish missteps and bad fortune in early 1898 hastened the American entry to the war. The US Navy quickly moved to eliminate or blockade the strongest Spanish squadrons in the Philippines and Cuba; Spain’s inability to contest American control of the sea in either theater was decisive and permitted successful American attacks on outnumbered Spanish garrisons in Santiago de Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Manila. The transfer of the Philippines, along with Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam, to the United States in the Treaty of Paris confirmed American imperialist appetites for the Filipino nationalists, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, and contributed to tensions between the Filipino and American armies around and in Manila. Fighting broke out in February 1899, but the Filipino conventional forces were soon driven back from Manila and were utterly defeated by the end of the year. The Filipino forces that evaded capture re-emerged as guerrillas in early 1900, and for the next two and a half years the United States waged an increasingly severe anti-guerrilla war against Filipino irregulars. Despite Aguinaldo’s capture in early 1901, fighting continued in a handful of provinces until the spring of 1902, when the last organized resistance to American governance ended in Samar and Batangas provinces.

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