The Origins of the McLane–Ocampo Treaty of 1859

1958 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J. Berbusse
Keyword(s):  
Rio Grande ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ideal Boundary ◽  
The West ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
Shortest Route ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Isthmus Of Tehuantepec

The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 acquired for the United States one-half of Mexican territory, while the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 secured a more level route for railroads destined to connect the south and the far west. Impatient investors, however, sought immediate union with the west, and the shortest route at hand was across the isthmus of Tehuantepec in southern Mexico. The Department of State advanced these interests, and only on failure turned their efforts to an overland route across Northern Mexico. This latter route would have connected Matamoros on the Rio Grande and Atlantic with Matzatlan on the Pacific. To this goal, Delphy Carlin, an American long-experienced in trade with Mexico, urged Secretary of State Lewis Cass. He was convinced that a line skirting the mountains and connecting these ports would be an ideal boundary; that “all north of that red line is a nuisance to Mexico.”

The Origins of the McLane–Ocampo Treaty of 1859

1958 ◽  
Vol 14 (03) ◽  
pp. 223-245
Author(s):  
Edward J. Berbusse
Keyword(s):  
Rio Grande ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ideal Boundary ◽  
The West ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
Shortest Route ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Isthmus Of Tehuantepec

The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 acquired for the United States one-half of Mexican territory, while the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 secured a more level route for railroads destined to connect the south and the far west. Impatient investors, however, sought immediate union with the west, and the shortest route at hand was across the isthmus of Tehuantepec in southern Mexico. The Department of State advanced these interests, and only on failure turned their efforts to an overland route across Northern Mexico. This latter route would have connected Matamoros on the Rio Grande and Atlantic with Matzatlan on the Pacific. To this goal, Delphy Carlin, an American long-experienced in trade with Mexico, urged Secretary of State Lewis Cass. He was convinced that a line skirting the mountains and connecting these ports would be an ideal boundary; that “all north of that red line is a nuisance to Mexico.”

scholarly journals A Climatology of 500-hPa Closed Lows in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean, 1948–2011

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1578-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina S. Oakley ◽  
Kelly T. Redmond
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
West Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western United States ◽  
The West ◽  
Reanalysis Dataset ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Northeastern Pacific

AbstractThe northeastern Pacific Ocean is a preferential location for the formation of closed low pressure systems. These slow-moving, quasi-barotropic systems influence vertical stability and sustain a moist environment, giving them the potential to produce or affect sustained precipitation episodes along the west coast of the United States. They can remain motionless or change direction and speed more than once and thus often pose difficult forecast challenges. This study creates an objective climatological description of 500-hPa closed lows to assess their impacts on precipitation in the western United States and to explore interannual variability and preferred tracks. Geopotential height at 500 hPa from the NCEP–NCAR global reanalysis dataset was used at 6-h and 2.5° × 2.5° resolution for the period 1948–2011. Closed lows displayed seasonality and preferential durations. Time series for seasonal and annual event counts were found to exhibit strong interannual variability. Composites of the tracks of landfalling closed lows revealed preferential tracks as the features move inland over the western United States. Correlations of seasonal event totals for closed lows with ENSO indices, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern suggested an above-average number of events during the warm phase of ENSO and positive PDO and PNA phases. Precipitation at 30 U.S. Cooperative Observer stations was attributed to closed-low events, suggesting 20%–60% of annual precipitation along the West Coast may be associated with closed lows.

The Pacific Ocean as Highway to Gold Mountain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Sinn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Capital Flows ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

This chapter takes a broad look at the Pacific Ocean in relation to Chinese migration. As trade, consumption and capital flows followed migrants, powerful networks were woven and sustained; in time, the networks fanned across the Pacific from British Columbia along the West Coast of the United States to New Zealand and Australia. The overlapping personal, family, financial and commercial interests of Chinese in California and those in Hong Kong, which provide the focus of this study, energized the connections and kept the Pacific busy and dynamic while shaping the development of regions far beyond its shores. The ocean turned into a highway for Chinese seeking Gold Mountain, marking a new era in the history of South China, California, and the Pacific Ocean itself.

4. A Constabulary Navy

2018 ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Craig L. Symonds
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
United States Navy ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Manifest Destiny ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Southern Border

After 1820, the day-to-day duties of the United States Navy involved dealing with smugglers, pirates, and the illegal slave trade and so deploying the large ships of the line was deemed unnecessary. Also, the successful completion of treaties with both England and Spain demilitarized the Great Lakes and stabilized the country’s southern border, easing concerns about a future foreign war. ‘A constabulary navy: pirates, slavers, and manifest destiny (1820–1850)’ describes the peacetime navy activities carried out by small squadrons of sloops and schooners acting as a constabulary force on distant stations abroad, mainly in the Mediterranean, but also in the West Indies, off Africa, in the Pacific, off Brazil, and in the East.

The Use of Loran for Survey Work in the Pacific

1953 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-312
Author(s):  
J. O. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
West Pacific ◽  
The Pacific

During the course of recent hydrographic and oceanographical investigations in the Pacific, H.M.S. Challenger made considerable use of the extensive Loran coverage now provided by the United States. This marine radio position-fixing aid was particularly useful in the west Pacific in the area between Japan and New Guinea where the coverage of ground-waves is considerable. In this article an attempt is made to describe some of the work for which Loran was used, the principles on which it was used, and the accuracy expected and errors obtained. No attempt has been made to describe the operation of the system, which has been adequately covered in this Journal and in numerous other publications.

Transpacific Accommodation and the Defense of Asian Immigrants

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lon Kurashige
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Popular Media ◽  
Asian Immigrants ◽  
The West ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
High Degree

Do Asians in the United States face racism today? The answer is “yes” if one considers the persistence of covert discrimination, anti-Asian hate crimes and speech, as well as stereotypes of smart students, exotic beauties, martial arts masters, and technology nerds that manifest in popular media and entertainment. But the answer is more complicated if one considers the repeal of anti-Asian laws, policies, and overt practices of segregation and discrimination that were engrained in the United States and throughout the West and its colonies until the 1960s. This essay examines a time in California when anti-Asian racism was not just popular but seen as righteous and necessary. Kurashige reveals that despite the high degree of racism there exist key political players who opposed it in seeking to bridge the Pacific through racial understanding and cooperation. Why did these white Californians oppose the dominant racial beliefs of the time, and what lessons do their actions have for today?

Melville's Japan and the ““Marketplace Religion”” of Terror

2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-492
Author(s):  
Erik Rangno
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Atlantic World ◽  
The United States ◽  
Recent Criticism ◽  
Rhetorical Strategies ◽  
The West ◽  
Moby Dick ◽  
White Whale ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
East And West

Recent criticism has overlooked the importance of Japan to Herman Melville's vision of race and empire in the Pacific, when in fact Melville is deeply committed to exposing the rhetorical strategies by which the United States justified its aggressive intervention in the region in the 1850s. Historical studies of Commodore Matthew C. Perry's forced ““opening”” of Japan to trade with the West tend to ignore the ways in which Perry's campaign itself served as a supplement to violence rather than a circumvention of it. Perry's gunboat diplomacy was informed by two strands of American exceptionalist discourse elsewhere popularized by William H. Seward: the democratization of the globe through commerce and the providential duty to bring Christianity to the barbarians. Seward insisted that the Americanization of the Pacific would unify East and West in contradistinction to the defaced Atlantic world. In Moby-Dick (1851) Ahab inverts these arguments; he rhetorically conflates the white whale and Japan as the twinned nemeses of American commercial interests in the Pacific. By convincing the crew to forgo the Pequod's contracted whaling mission in favor of a romanticized geopolitical revenge plot, Ahab confronts the spectral trace of Western capitalism's origin——the white whale as commodity's cipher. The manufacture and marketability of terror in the Pacific, Melville concludes, incites the Pequod's demise off the coast of Japan, and further evidences the failure of American ambition to prescribe its own limits.

Biology, Management, and Conservation of Lampreys in North America

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life History ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The West ◽  
Pacific Lamprey ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
River Drainages ◽  
Management And Conservation

<em>Abstract</em>.—Efforts to minimize negative effects to fish species during instream activities generally do not consider the life history characteristics of native nongame fish species, particularly lamprey. While there is still much to be learned about Pacific lamprey <em>Entosphenus tridentatus</em> (formerly <em>Lampetra tridentata</em>) distribution, abundance, and status, the need to actively conserve lampreys is evident. Populations of the Pacific lamprey have been reduced in many river drainages along the West Coast of the United States. The purposes of this paper are to raise awareness of the need to consider Pacific lampreys in project implementation and to stimulate development of methods to address instream project impacts.

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