"Pater urbis": Augustus as City Father of Rome

1992 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Favro
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
First Century ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Building Maintenance ◽  
Single Term ◽  
Urban Safety

Rome in the mid-first century B. C. projected an unattractive image. The urban infrastructure had long been mismanaged. Even public temples showed the effects of neglect. Focusing on immediate solutions solvable in a single term in office, Republican magistrates could not deal effectively with problems of urban care. Rather than enforcing extant regulations, the state relied inefficiently on private efforts and civil suits to maintain and protect the built environment. As a result, legal restrictions only marginally curbed poor construction and speculation. At the end of the millennium, Augustus assumed the role of pater patriae. As benevolent father, he exerted control over the Roman people at every level. Using a skillful combination of carrot and stick, he intervened in all aspects of the urban environment, building and repairing structures and reshaping legal and administrative provisions for urban care. For maximum efficiency, he redefined existing offices and established a clear hierarchy of responsibility. Exploiting the office of curator, he made appointments for lengthy terms and created permanent bureaucratic staffs. He involved every class in the care of the capital and made sure that all officeholders owed their allegiance to him personally. His efforts coalesced in 7 B. C. with the establishment of fourteen new administrative regions. Seen in totality, Augustus's seemingly ad hoc provisions for fire fighting, water distribution, building maintenance, and urban safety reflect a consistent policy of social control. His efforts to create a functional, attractive, and enduring urban environment were both paternal and calculated.

Model of Vehicular Movement in Simulation of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

2011 ◽  
Vol 204-210 ◽  
pp. 391-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Cui Zhang ◽  
Xu Xu ◽  
Zhi Gang Wang ◽  
Ping Xiao ◽  
Xiao Fei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Movement Model ◽  
Motion Features ◽  
Hoc Networks

Currently, the research on Vehicular Ad hoc Networks(VANETs) is hot. Vehicular movement model is an important factor, which affects the simulation results of VANETs. In the simulation of VANETs, Vehicular movement model used in the urban environment should consider not only the characteristics of the vehicular movement, but also the role of obstructing the radio waves. In this paper, after a detailed analysis of vehicle motion features, it gives a vehicular movement model based on directed graph. The simulation shows that the model can well reflect the movement of vehicles in the real world, and the influence of urban environment on the network performance.

scholarly journals Expert-Amateurs and Smart Citizens: How Digitalization Reconfigures Lima’s Water Infrastructure

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 312-323
Author(s):  
Fenna Imara Hoefsloot ◽  
Javier Martínez ◽  
Christine Richter ◽  
Karin Pfeffer
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Water Infrastructure ◽  
Infrastructure Management ◽  
Governance Practices ◽  
Digital Governance

In Lima, residents are fundamental co-creators of the urban water infrastructure, taking up various roles in the operation, maintenance, and expansion of the water distribution system. As Lima’s potable water company presses the transition from decentralized and auto-constructed to centralized and digital, this article explores how the implementation of digital infrastructure reconfigures the role of residents in the water distribution system. Our analysis draws on an ethnographic research approach, using formal and informal interviews, and focus groups in three areas representing Lima’s diversity in settlement categories and types of water consumers. By analyzing the digitalization of Lima’s water infrastructure through the perspective of its residents, this research contributes to understanding how top-down, digital governance practices mediate the agency and everyday experiences of people living in Southern cities. We observe that the digitalization of the water infrastructure marginalizes the participation of the ‘expert-amateur,’ a crucial role in the development of urban in the Global South, while providing more space for the ‘smart citizen’ to engage in infrastructuring. This article concludes that to overcome the perpetual creation of the center and the periphery through digitalization, urban infrastructure management should be sensitive to residents’ diverse strategies in managing resources.

Staying Employable Certifications of Competences in the Era of Real-Time Career Management

2018 ◽  
pp. 430-443
Author(s):  
Constantine Vasilios Kiritsis
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
First Century ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Career Management ◽  
Career Counselor ◽  
Professional Titles ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
Ending Process

This chapter attempts to focus on the topic of career management and its growing importance for students and professionals globally mainly due to the fast pace of change requiring agility and the ability to adapt to changing pressures from the market. It attempts to first provide the current status quo at Universities and Businesses and the challenges they are facing in preparing students for work (Universities) and during work (Businesses). It also attempts to provide possible solutions that relate to making career management a real-time, continuous task to stay employable rather than a ‘one off” or ad-hoc issue. The chapter stresses the importance of certifications and professional titles as a ‘must' in a number of industries and the important role of the career counselor in staying employable and why “employability” is a never-ending process in the twenty-first century.

scholarly journals The Role of Urban Informatics in Monitoring the Physical Deteriortion of Urban Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 1203 (3) ◽  
pp. 032136
Author(s):  
D. Basma Usama Mohammad Ali ◽  
Rafif Mohammad Ja'far Alzu'bi
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban System ◽  
First Century ◽  
Urban Informatics ◽  
Informatics System ◽  
New Vision ◽  
Urban Planning And Management

Abstract The twenty-first century is witnessing a rapid growth population in urban areas; this growth needs intelligent urban planning and management. The field of urban informatics is one of the new and vital specialties to organize and analyse the urban system at all levels and areas. ICT works with interactive community participation to guide and manage the urban environment to serve, provide the residents with safety and security. The paper presents a new vision in terms of employing the field of urban informatics in mapping and monitoring the urban deterioration of the built environment in general and buildings in particular. The urban informatics system is still taking its first steps to manage and serve the city's facilities (transportation, communication, air pollution, etc.). The built environment and the deterioration through time and other factors are still far from this area. This paper aims to identify the urban information field, the situations, and types of urban deterioration and move to capture urban deterioration indicators (main and secondary), which can be measured in urban informatics. This paper recommends the adoption of such a mechanism in managing and controlling the deterioration that contributes to the reduction of material and human losses, saving time and money away from traditional methods, and the possibility of employing them in times of crisis and disasters in the urban environment.

A study on appropriate investment of pipeline rehabilitation for water distribution network

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
A. Asakura ◽  
A. Koizumi ◽  
O. Odanagi ◽  
H. Watanabe ◽  
T. Inakazu
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Optimal Basis ◽  
Model Case

In Japan most of the water distribution networks were constructed during the 1960s to 1970s. Since these pipelines were used for a long period, pipeline rehabilitation is necessary to maintain water supply. Although investment for pipeline rehabilitation has to be planned in terms of cost-effectiveness, no standard method has been established because pipelines were replaced on emergency and ad hoc basis in the past. In this paper, a method to determine the maintenance of the water supply on an optimal basis with a fixed budget for a water distribution network is proposed. Firstly, a method to quantify the benefits of pipeline rehabilitation is examined. Secondly, two models using Integer Programming and Monte Carlo simulation to maximize the benefits of pipeline rehabilitation with limited budget were considered, and they are applied to a model case and a case study. Based on these studies, it is concluded that the Monte Carlo simulation model to calculate the appropriate investment for the pipeline rehabilitation planning is both convenient and practical.

THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING IN PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND MONETARY POLICY IN THE FIRST CENTURY AD ROMAN EMPIRE

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Oldroyd
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Roman Empire ◽  
Financial Planning ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
First Century ◽  
Financial Control ◽  
The Public ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Epigraphic Evidence

Previous authors have argued that Roman coinage was used as an instrument of financial control rather than simply as a means for the state to make payments, without assessing the accounting implications. The article reviews the literary and epigraphic evidence of the public expenditure accounts surrounding the Roman monetary system in the first century AD. This area has been neglected by accounting historians. Although the scope of the accounts supports the proposition that they were used for financial control, the impetus for keeping those accounts originally came from the emperor's public expenditure commitments. This suggests that financial control may have been encouraged by the financial planning that arose out of the exigencies of funding public expenditure. In this way these two aspects of monetary policy can be reconciled.

The Baluch, Sunnism and the State in Iran

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane A. Dudoignon
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Social Life ◽  
The State ◽  
First Century ◽  
Local Democracy ◽  
Oasis Area ◽  
Shed Light

Since 2002, Sunni jihadi groups have been active in Iranian Baluchistan without managing to plunge the region into chaos. This book suggests that a reason for this, besides Tehran’s military responses, has been the quality of Khomeini and Khamenei’s relationship with a network of South-Asia-educated Sunni ulama (mawlawis) originating from the Sarbaz oasis area, in the south of Baluchistan. Educated in the religiously reformist, socially conservative South Asian Deoband School, which puts the madrasa at the centre of social life, the Sarbazi ulama had taken advantage, in Iranian territory, of the eclipse of Baluch tribal might under the Pahlavi monarchy (1925-79). They emerged then as a bulwark against Soviet influence and progressive ideologies, before rallying to Khomeini in 1979. Since the turn of the twenty-first century, they have been playing the role of a rampart against Salafi propaganda and Saudi intrigues. The book shows that, through their alliance with an Iranian Kurdish-born Muslim-Brother movement and through the promotion of a distinct ‘Sunni vote’, they have since the early 2000s contributed towards – and benefitted from – the defence by the Reformist presidents Khatami (1997-2005) and Ruhani (since 2013) of local democracy and of the minorities’ rights. They endeavoured to help, at the same time, preventing the propagation of jihadism and Sunni radicalisation to Iran – at least until the ISIS/Daesh-claimed attacks of June 2017, in Tehran, shed light on the limits of the Islamic Republic’s strategy of reliance on Deobandi ulama and Muslim-Brother preachers in the country’s Sunni-peopled peripheries.

Writing and Ritual in Deuteronomy 28

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Quick
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Written Word ◽  
Ritual Process ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Ritual Context

This chapter argue that ritual behaviours might be just as good a source as literary texts for the diffusion of traditional cursing and treaty material across different cultures in the ancient Near East. In particular, the role of ad hoc oral Targum in the ritual process could have been an important means by which traditions were shared between different language communities. Recognition of the ritual context of this material also provides insights for the comparative method, the dating and authorship of Deuteronomy 28, and the subversive impetus thought to have stood behind its composition. Ultimately, the function of the written word in a largely oral world is shown to be fundamental to understanding the composition, function and the early history of the curses in the book of Deuteronomy.

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