The International Context of Nineteenth-Century Humanitarian Interventions

2016 ◽  
pp. 18-35
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Context ◽  
Humanitarian Interventions

The International Context of Nineteenth-Century Humanitarian Interventions

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Rodogno
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Humanitarian Intervention ◽  
Military Interventions ◽  
International Context ◽  
Humanitarian Interventions ◽  
Eastern Question ◽  
History Of ◽  
Geopolitical Context

This chapter examines the international context of humanitarian interventions during the nineteenth century in order to understand why humanitarian intervention emerged as an international practice in the Ottoman Empire. It also sets the geopolitical context of humanitarian intervention, when Ottoman Christians were victims of massacre, atrocities, and extermination. The chapter begins with a discussion of the concept and practice of intervention in nineteenth-century international relations, explaining the term “intervention.” It then provides a brief overview of the history of the Eastern Question—the question of the survival or the death of the “sick Man of Europe”—before contextualizing the meaning of “massacre,” “atrocity,” and “extermination.” It also distinguishes between the Capitulations and intervention and concludes with an analysis of the extent to which military interventions against massacre built on the Capitulations.

Political Prisoners of the Italian Mezzogiorno: A Transnational Question of the Nineteenth Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-649
Author(s):  
Elena Bacchin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Political Prisoners ◽  
Humanitarian Interventions ◽  
European Public ◽  
Transnational Actors ◽  
International Diplomacy ◽  
A Site ◽  
Political Imprisonment

Through a case study of a group of Neapolitan political activists incarcerated in Naples after the 1848 Revolution, this article aims to rescue the Italian convicts’ experience from its subsidiary status, presenting the prisons as a site of struggle and in particular highlighting the international, European dimension of political imprisonment in the nineteenth century. I argue that together with the exiled, political prisoners also acted as transnational actors of the Risorgimento; they aroused the interest of both public opinion and the world of diplomacy and were perceived as a humanitarian cause. Neapolitan political prisoners became spokespersons of their national and political cause abroad, had a clear agency and exploited European public opinion. This study will thus explore the dynamics of the Risorgimento from a transnational perspective, as well as in relation to British and French imperialistic policies in the Mediterranean, the international de-legitimization of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and more generally in terms of foreign humanitarian interventions in the nineteenth century and the role of political prisoners. The Neapolitan dungeons were not significantly different from those of other European states; however, they became the target of international diplomacy showing how Naples was considered somewhat in between European and non-European states.

Internationalizing Cuba Libre

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalia Antonia Muller
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
International Context ◽  
The Press

This chapter situates Cuba’s long nineteenth-century independence struggle in a wider international context and makes a case for the central role of Cuban migrants in the development of transnational solidarities around the Cuban cause for independence. It argues that the Gulf World was the resonance chamber of the independence struggle and it makes a case for the importance of Latin America broadly, and Mexico specifically, in the evolution of the struggle, but also underscores the importance of the “Cuban Question” to politics in Latin America and Mexico specifically. The chapter ends with a focus on the importance of the press as a space of solidarity making and features a case study of a group of student journalist in Mexico City who adopted the Cuban independence cause as their own forging important and enduring transnational solidarities with Cuban migrants, while using the Cuban cause as a way to refocus their own local and national struggles.

Merchants and Mariners

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars U. Scholl
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
International Context ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
State Regulations ◽  
The Core

This book presents twelve essays by historian David M. Williams, in order to pay tribute to his career. The essays stretch from 1807 through to the end of the nineteenth century, and address both economic and social themes. Topics include maritime trade, deployment of merchant ships, the state regulations concerning shipping, shipwrecks and loss of life, passenger cargoes, slavery, cotton, timber and coffee trades, and the working conditions of seamen over the course of the century. The plight of the maritime labourer is at the core of this collection. The essays primarily focus on British shipping, and firmly places it within an international context. The book is introduced by Lars U. Scholl, followed by two tributes to Williams’ career, one by Peter N. Davies, the other by Lewis R. Fischer. Scholl concludes the volume with a thorough bibliography of Williams’ maritime writings: books, chapters, and articles.

scholarly journals “What Value Should We Attach to All These Petitions?”: Petition Campaigns and the Problem of Legitimacy in the Nineteenth-Century Netherlands

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maartje Janse
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Liberal Education ◽  
Political System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Education Law ◽  
The Political ◽  
International Context

This article focuses on large-scale petitioning campaigns, or petitionnementen as they were called, organized between 1828 and 1878, including contemporary reflections and debates on this new phenomenon. Although there were only a handful of petitionnementen, they had a remarkable impact—not only on the issues at hand but also on the balance of power between Crown, Cabinet, Parliament, and people. Mass petitions necessarily challenged the political system, whose legitimacy was based on elections under a limited franchise. Based on parliamentary reports, pamphlets, and other sources reflecting on petitioning in general and the petitionnementen more specifically, this article asks how petitioners claimed legitimacy, and how politicians and other observers responded to those claims. Special attention is given to the international context within which Dutch petitioning practices developed. The article focuses on three case studies, representing the major petitioning campaigns of this period: the Southern petition movements of 1828–1830 that were a catalyst for the Belgian revolution (thus reinforcing the association between mass petitioning and revolution), the Anti-Catholic “April Movement” of 1853, and the so-called People’s Petitionnement of 1878, against the liberal education law. Remarkably enough, in the Netherlands it was not progressive reformers, but most prominently conservative Orthodox Protestants who organized petitionnementen.

scholarly journals The Hungarian Peculiarities of National Remembrance: Historical Figures with Symbolic Importance in Nineteenth-century Hungarian History Paintings

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 129-145
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Memory ◽  
Visual Art ◽  
The Body ◽  
History Painting ◽  
International Context ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Political Relationship ◽  
Historical Past

In order to place nineteenth-century Hungarian art into international context, this article calls for the theoretical discourse of cultural memory, when a suppressed community turns to their past and insists on their antecedents’ traditions for the survival of their culture. When, in the 1850s and 1860s, the leaders of the Habsburg Austrian Empire retaliated against Hungary for its 1848-49 “Fight for Freedom”, Hungarian visual art of the era rediscovered long-honoured figures of the historical past as the essential components of Hungarian national identity. This article argues that the successful visualization and memorialization of outstanding historical characters with symbolic values for the Hungarian nation was due to history painting itself as medium. The Hungarian painters’ choice of characters vigorously reacted to the changing political relationship between the Austrians and the Hungarians from the failure of the 1849 Hungarian Fight for Freedom until the 1850s and the 1870s involving the 1867 Austro-Hungarian Compromise. Keeping it in mind, the display and the reception of four great paintings, Bertalan Székely’s The Discovery of the Body of King Louis II (1860), Viktor Madarász’s Péter Zrínyi and Ferenc Frangepán in Prison at Wiener-Neustadt (1864), Székely’s The Women of Eger (1867) and Gyula Benczúr’s The Baptism of Vajk (1875) are analysed.

Policing Before the Police in the Eighteenth Century

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Barrie
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Print Culture ◽  
International Context ◽  
Metropolitan Police ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Eighteenth Century Britain

This essay examines developments in law enforcement before the birth of the widely heralded “new” police in the nineteenth century, focusing on mainland Britain but drawing comparisons with European experiences to ascertain how British developments fit within an international context. The essay shows that policing arrangements in eighteenth-century Britain were extremely advanced in many parts of the country, and the 1829 Metropolitan Police Act was the culmination of decades of innovation. Modern policing practices evolved from the activities of local elites, private and public watching and prosecution schemes, and a burgeoning print culture. Rather than viewing policing in Europe with suspicion, many British reformers were receptive to and embraced continental policing ideas and practices, underlining the need to acknowledge the important role that intellectual transfer and national and local emulation played in the evolution of modern policing.

Intermezzo—The International Context (1878–1908)

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Rodogno
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Free State ◽  
International Context ◽  
American Intervention ◽  
Humanitarian Interventions ◽  
Congo Free State

This chapter examines the international context of the European powers' humanitarian interventions during the period 1878–1908. It begins with a discussion of three major changes that took place simultaneously in the late 1870s and directly affected relations between the Ottoman Empire and the European powers. It then considers interventions outside Europe, including the United States's intervention in Cuba against Spain and the British and American intervention against the king of Belgium in the so-called Congo Free State. It also explores three ideological branches of Great Britain's humanitarianism that influenced the reform campaign in Congo: trusteeship, evangelical philanthropy, and the proponents of human rights. The chapter argues that the increased tensions and rivalries, continental and imperial, and new alignments among European powers increased the risk related to armed interventions, which hampered their occurrence.

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