GUNHILD’S CROSS AND THE NORTH ATLANTIC TRADE SPHERE

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-76
Author(s):  
ROBYN BARROW
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

The Shipping of the North Atlantic Cotton Trade in the Mid-Nineteenth Century

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars U. Scholl ◽  
Lars U. Scholl ◽  
Lars U. Scholl
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Southern States ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
The North ◽  
Seasonal Characteristics ◽  
Arrival Dates ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Cotton Trade

This essay analyses the North Atlantic Cotton Trade through records of cotton arrivals at Liverpool, using two sets of data from 1830-1832 and 1853-1855. Using Customs Bills of Entry, Williams presents data of cotton receipts from the United States to Liverpool; quantities of bales exported; numbers of vessels; origin ports of vessels; distinguishes between regular and occasional cotton traders; arrivals at Liverpool by nationality; and vessel tonnage. He determines that the majority of vessels participated in the cotton trade seasonally, and suggests that the cotton trade was not self-contained, but part of a complex interrelationship within the North Atlantic trade system, encompassing commodity dealings, shipping employment levels, and the seasonal characteristics of cargo. The conclusion requests further scholarly research into the pattern of ship movements in the Atlantic. Two appendices provide more data, concerning arrival dates of regular traders in Liverpool, and the month of departure of cotton vessels from Southern states.

scholarly journals The North Atlantic trade with Iceland, Shetland, Orkney and the Faroes and the policy of the Hanseatic Diet (1369–1535)

AmS-Skrifter ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 27-42
Author(s):  
Rolf Hammel-Kiesow
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
The North ◽  
Public Consumption ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Atlantic Island

This paper explores the limits of the Hanseatic Diet’s ability to regulate Hanseatic trade with Iceland and the North Atlantic island groups of Shetland, Orkney and the Faroes*. It comes to the conclusion that the Hanseatic Diets prohibited direct commercial links to Shetland, Orkney and the Faroes consistently from 1416, but turned a blind eye to the Iceland trade. The reasons for this inconsistent policy were the necessity of maintaining the Bergen’s monopoly on the stockfish trade (which was also in the interest of the Danish-Norwegian crown),  while at the same time keeping the door open for Hanseatic merchants who were not active in the Bergen trade to forge commercial links with Iceland, albeit at their own risk. The representatives of the Hanseatic towns often preferred to leave an issue undecided, in order to keep as many options open as possible. The huge divergence in the interests of merchants and towns forced the Diet to dissemble, pursuing policies out of the public gaze which subverted the resolutions the Diet had passed for public consumption.

scholarly journals The ships that headed north - an archaeological perspective

AmS-Skrifter ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 175-186
Author(s):  
Mike Belasus
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Flat Bottom ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
North West ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
Building Methods

Information on ships that were used for the North Atlantic trade, mainly from Hamburg and Bremen, is scarce and, to date, has been completely derived from historical documents. This is problematic because the terms used for ship types do not represent technical definitions. As there is currently no direct archaeological evidence for the ships that headed north, finds of ships and ship timbers from other areas had been considered to offer a first glance into shipbuilding and the mechanisms of change in building methods. Two main building methods can be distinguished in the medieval period for sea-going and coastal craft: the bottom-based Bremen-type shipbuilding method and clinker shipbuilding methods. The new carvel shipbuilding method was established in the late fifteenth century in north-west Europe. The archaeological evidence shows that there was no immediate change over but that in many cases, there was instead a convergence to achieve flush carvel-built hulls. Considering the Bremen-type with its flat bottom and limited sailing abilities and the fact that the German merchants only started to participate in the North Atlantic trade in the late fifteenth century, the question arises of whether there were other technical issues that prevented them from this enterprise until they managed to gain the knowledge required to build ocean-going vessels that could withstand a journey of several weeks across the North Sea and Norwegian Sea.

Supplementary material to "How Rossby wave breaking modulates the water cycle in the North Atlantic trade wind region"

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Aemisegger ◽  
Raphaela Vogel ◽  
Pascal Graf ◽  
Fabienne Dahinden ◽  
Leonie Villiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rossby Wave ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Wave Breaking ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Trade Wind ◽  
Rossby Wave Breaking ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
The North ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
The North Atlantic

Dominance of mineral dust in aerosol light-scattering in the North Atlantic trade winds

Nature ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 380 (6573) ◽  
pp. 416-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Li ◽  
H. Maring ◽  
D. Savoie ◽  
K. Voss ◽  
J. M. Prospero
Keyword(s):  
Light Scattering ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Trade Winds ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

scholarly journals The North Atlantic trade of Hamburg (c. 1400–1650)

AmS-Skrifter ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Klaus-J. Lorenzen-Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
North Atlantic Region ◽  
Atlantic Region ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
The North ◽  
Minor Significance ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Made In

Hamburg was the main north German town trading with the western North Atlantic region in the period between 1450 and 1650. Other towns, such as Lübeck, Wismar and Rostock also called at Bergen, but the contact of German seafaring merchants with Iceland was dominated by men from Hamburg. Even after the closing of the island to all except Danish-Norwegian merchants by the Danish kings, the trade with Hamburg continued and partly bypassing the warehouse in Glückstadt. The main export commodities were grain and cloth, while back came fish and sulphur, besides some articles of minor significance. The Shetland trade also had some importance for the Hamburg merchants, importing fish and exporting grain and fishing material. In general, the North Atlantic trade was of minor importance in the total of the Hamburg trade which was dominated by transactions with western (Holland, England, France) and south-western (Portugal, Spain) Europe. The highest profits were made in that sphere.

scholarly journals Hanseatic fish trade in the North Atlantic: evidence of fish remains from Hanse cities in Germany

AmS-Skrifter ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 75-92
Author(s):  
Hans Christian Küchelmann
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Isotopic Data ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Fish Remains ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Fish Trade

This paper reviews the evidence for the Hanseatic fish trade in the North Atlantic from the perspective of the consumer sites: the Hanse cities in Germany. Stockfish, the most important good in the North Atlantic trade, are discussed from an archaeozoological perspective. The evidence from Hanse cities accumulated thus far is presented and evaluated. The amount of fish remains analysed from Hanse cities in Germany is still very low, which precludes in-depth research and wider conclusions. Nevertheless, overall patterns appear that are generally consistent with the assumptions of patterns for imported stockfish: high frequencies of Gadidae among the fish remains of coastal Hanse cities, overrepresentation of postcranial skeletal elements, prevailing remains of large size classes, and isotopic data supporting the hypothesis.

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