scholarly journals The North Atlantic trade with Iceland, Shetland, Orkney and the Faroes and the policy of the Hanseatic Diet (1369–1535)

AmS-Skrifter ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 27-42
Author(s):  
Rolf Hammel-Kiesow
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
The North ◽  
Public Consumption ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Atlantic Island

This paper explores the limits of the Hanseatic Diet’s ability to regulate Hanseatic trade with Iceland and the North Atlantic island groups of Shetland, Orkney and the Faroes*. It comes to the conclusion that the Hanseatic Diets prohibited direct commercial links to Shetland, Orkney and the Faroes consistently from 1416, but turned a blind eye to the Iceland trade. The reasons for this inconsistent policy were the necessity of maintaining the Bergen’s monopoly on the stockfish trade (which was also in the interest of the Danish-Norwegian crown),  while at the same time keeping the door open for Hanseatic merchants who were not active in the Bergen trade to forge commercial links with Iceland, albeit at their own risk. The representatives of the Hanseatic towns often preferred to leave an issue undecided, in order to keep as many options open as possible. The huge divergence in the interests of merchants and towns forced the Diet to dissemble, pursuing policies out of the public gaze which subverted the resolutions the Diet had passed for public consumption.

The Shipping of the North Atlantic Cotton Trade in the Mid-Nineteenth Century

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars U. Scholl ◽  
Lars U. Scholl ◽  
Lars U. Scholl
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Southern States ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
The North ◽  
Seasonal Characteristics ◽  
Arrival Dates ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Cotton Trade

This essay analyses the North Atlantic Cotton Trade through records of cotton arrivals at Liverpool, using two sets of data from 1830-1832 and 1853-1855. Using Customs Bills of Entry, Williams presents data of cotton receipts from the United States to Liverpool; quantities of bales exported; numbers of vessels; origin ports of vessels; distinguishes between regular and occasional cotton traders; arrivals at Liverpool by nationality; and vessel tonnage. He determines that the majority of vessels participated in the cotton trade seasonally, and suggests that the cotton trade was not self-contained, but part of a complex interrelationship within the North Atlantic trade system, encompassing commodity dealings, shipping employment levels, and the seasonal characteristics of cargo. The conclusion requests further scholarly research into the pattern of ship movements in the Atlantic. Two appendices provide more data, concerning arrival dates of regular traders in Liverpool, and the month of departure of cotton vessels from Southern states.

scholarly journals A Lockpick's Guide to dataARC: Designing Infrastructures and Building Communities to Enable Transdisciplinary Research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Opitz ◽  
◽  
Colleen Strawhacker ◽  
Philip Buckland ◽  
Jackson Cothren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Transdisciplinary Research ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
The Public ◽  
The North ◽  
Current Implementation ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
High Level ◽  
Diverse Data

The North Atlantic Biocultural Organization (NABO) community initiated dataARC to develop digital research infrastructures to support their work on long-term human-ecodynamics in the North Atlantic. These infrastructures were designed to address the challenges of sharing research data, the connections between those data and high-level interpretations, and the interpretations themselves. In parallel, they were also designed to support the reuse of diverse data that underpin transdisciplinary synthesis research and to contextualise materials disseminated widely to the public more firmly in their evidence base. This article outlines the research infrastructure produced by the project and reflects on its design and development. We outline the core motivations for dataARC's work and introduce the tools, platforms and (meta)data products developed. We then undertake a critical review of the project's workflow. This review focuses on our understanding of the needs of stakeholder groups, the principles that guided the design of the infrastructure, and the extent to which these principles are successfully promoted in the current implementation. Drawing on this assessment, we consider how the infrastructure, in whole or in part, might be reused by other transdisciplinary research communities. Finally, we highlight key socio-technical gaps that may emerge as structural barriers to transdisciplinary, engaged, and open research if left unaddressed.

scholarly journals The ships that headed north - an archaeological perspective

AmS-Skrifter ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 175-186
Author(s):  
Mike Belasus
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Flat Bottom ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
North West ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
Building Methods

Information on ships that were used for the North Atlantic trade, mainly from Hamburg and Bremen, is scarce and, to date, has been completely derived from historical documents. This is problematic because the terms used for ship types do not represent technical definitions. As there is currently no direct archaeological evidence for the ships that headed north, finds of ships and ship timbers from other areas had been considered to offer a first glance into shipbuilding and the mechanisms of change in building methods. Two main building methods can be distinguished in the medieval period for sea-going and coastal craft: the bottom-based Bremen-type shipbuilding method and clinker shipbuilding methods. The new carvel shipbuilding method was established in the late fifteenth century in north-west Europe. The archaeological evidence shows that there was no immediate change over but that in many cases, there was instead a convergence to achieve flush carvel-built hulls. Considering the Bremen-type with its flat bottom and limited sailing abilities and the fact that the German merchants only started to participate in the North Atlantic trade in the late fifteenth century, the question arises of whether there were other technical issues that prevented them from this enterprise until they managed to gain the knowledge required to build ocean-going vessels that could withstand a journey of several weeks across the North Sea and Norwegian Sea.

Archives and the Atlantic Pact: how the NATO Archives preserves and protects the records of an Alliance*

Comma ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2019 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
Ineke Deserno ◽  
Nicholas Roche ◽  
Barbara Viallet ◽  
Etienne Wintenberger
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Conflict Prevention ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Internal Procedures ◽  
The Military ◽  
Strategic Policies

In 2019, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) celebrated 70 years of consultation, consensus and conflict prevention. The same year also marked 20 years since NATO first opened access to its archives to the public. The establishment of the NATO Archives in 1999 was hailed by then Secretary General Javier Solana as an important signal of the Alliance’s commitment to transparency and openness. NATO declassified and publicly disclosed thousands of documents and opened a dedicated Reading Room at NATO Headquarters in Brussels. Behind the scenes, the establishment of the NATO Archives and of the Archives Committee also changed the way in which NATO managed its historical records. Up to this point, there was no NATO-wide policy on archives, no organizational archives and no consistency in any of the traditional archival functions. Starting in 1999, NATO could boast a professional archives programme, implemented by trained archivists and governed by a committee of national experts. The programme can claim a string of successes over the last 20 years, implementing archival strategy in novel and unique ways to respond to NATO’s organizational structure. While the Archives are part of NATO’s political headquarters, NATO itself is composed of multiple formal entities under the overall direction of the North Atlantic Council and the Military Committee, including military commands, civilian agencies, military operations etc. Before 1999, each managed their archival material locally, according to internal procedures. This article outlines the Archives’ strategic policies and its governance, involving national experts of all its 30 member nations; presents its increasingly larger and more robust acquisition programme based on a strong and actively managed retention and disposition strategy; assesses its digital preservation activities; and provides an update on NATO’s declassification and public disclosure programme.

Supplementary material to "How Rossby wave breaking modulates the water cycle in the North Atlantic trade wind region"

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Aemisegger ◽  
Raphaela Vogel ◽  
Pascal Graf ◽  
Fabienne Dahinden ◽  
Leonie Villiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rossby Wave ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Wave Breaking ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Trade Wind ◽  
Rossby Wave Breaking ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
The North ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
The North Atlantic

Dominance of mineral dust in aerosol light-scattering in the North Atlantic trade winds

Nature ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 380 (6573) ◽  
pp. 416-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Li ◽  
H. Maring ◽  
D. Savoie ◽  
K. Voss ◽  
J. M. Prospero
Keyword(s):  
Light Scattering ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Trade Winds ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

After a Decade Are Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Gale Force Wind Radii Forecasts Now Skillful?

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 702-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Knaff ◽  
Charles R. Sampson
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
The Public ◽  
The North ◽  
Radial Extent ◽  
History Of ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
National Hurricane Center ◽  
Atlantic Tropical Cyclone

Abstract The National Hurricane Center (NHC) has a long history of forecasting the radial extent of gale force or 34-knot (kt; where 1 kt = 0.51 m s−1) winds for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility. These are referred to collectively as gale force wind radii forecasts. These forecasts are generated as part of the 6-hourly advisory messages made available to the public. In 2004, NHC began a routine of postanalysis or “best tracking” of gale force wind radii that continues to this day. At approximately the same time, a statistical wind radii forecast, based solely on climatology and persistence, was implemented so that NHC all-wind radii forecasts could be evaluated for skill. This statistical wind radii baseline forecast is also currently used in several applications as a substitute for or to augment NHC wind radii forecasts. This investigation examines the performance of NHC gale force wind radii forecasts in the North Atlantic over the last decade. Results presented within indicate that NHC’s gale force wind radii forecasts have increased in skill relative to the best tracks by several measures, and now significantly outperform statistical wind radii baseline forecasts. These results indicate that it may be time to reinvestigate whether applications that depend on wind radii forecast information can be improved through better use of NHC wind radii forecast information.

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