A 3-BLOC DANCE: EAST ASIAN REGIONALISM AND THE NORTH ATLANTIC TRADE GIANTS

This essay analyses the North Atlantic Cotton Trade through records of cotton arrivals at Liverpool, using two sets of data from 1830-1832 and 1853-1855. Using Customs Bills of Entry, Williams presents data of cotton receipts from the United States to Liverpool; quantities of bales exported; numbers of vessels; origin ports of vessels; distinguishes between regular and occasional cotton traders; arrivals at Liverpool by nationality; and vessel tonnage. He determines that the majority of vessels participated in the cotton trade seasonally, and suggests that the cotton trade was not self-contained, but part of a complex interrelationship within the North Atlantic trade system, encompassing commodity dealings, shipping employment levels, and the seasonal characteristics of cargo. The conclusion requests further scholarly research into the pattern of ship movements in the Atlantic. Two appendices provide more data, concerning arrival dates of regular traders in Liverpool, and the month of departure of cotton vessels from Southern states.

Download Full-text

The North Atlantic trade with Iceland, Shetland, Orkney and the Faroes and the policy of the Hanseatic Diet (1369–1535)

AmS-Skrifter ◽

10.31265/ams-skrifter.v0i27.253 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 27-42

Author(s):

Rolf Hammel-Kiesow

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

The Public ◽

Atlantic Trade ◽

The North ◽

Public Consumption ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

Atlantic Island

This paper explores the limits of the Hanseatic Diet’s ability to regulate Hanseatic trade with Iceland and the North Atlantic island groups of Shetland, Orkney and the Faroes*. It comes to the conclusion that the Hanseatic Diets prohibited direct commercial links to Shetland, Orkney and the Faroes consistently from 1416, but turned a blind eye to the Iceland trade. The reasons for this inconsistent policy were the necessity of maintaining the Bergen’s monopoly on the stockfish trade (which was also in the interest of the Danish-Norwegian crown), while at the same time keeping the door open for Hanseatic merchants who were not active in the Bergen trade to forge commercial links with Iceland, albeit at their own risk. The representatives of the Hanseatic towns often preferred to leave an issue undecided, in order to keep as many options open as possible. The huge divergence in the interests of merchants and towns forced the Diet to dissemble, pursuing policies out of the public gaze which subverted the resolutions the Diet had passed for public consumption.

Download Full-text

Distinguishing Interannual Variations of the Northern and Southern Modes of the East Asian Winter Monsoon

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-13-00314.1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 835-851 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Zhang Chen ◽

Renguang Wu ◽

Wen Chen

Keyword(s):

Surface Temperature ◽

North Atlantic ◽

High Latitude ◽

East Asian Winter Monsoon ◽

East Asian ◽

Winter Monsoon ◽

Interannual Variations ◽

Asian Winter Monsoon ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic

Abstract The East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM)-related climate anomalies have shown large year-to-year variations in both the intensity and the meridional extent. The present study distinguishes the interannual variations of the low-latitude and mid- to high-latitude components of the EAWM to gain a better understanding of the characteristics and factors for the EAWM variability. Through composite analysis based on two indices representing the northern and southern components (modes) of the EAWM variability, the present study clearly reveals features unique to the northern and southern mode. The northern mode is associated with changes in the mid- to high-latitude circulation systems, including the Siberian high, the Aleutian low, the East Asian trough, and the East Asian westerly jet stream, whereas the southern mode is closely related to circulation changes over the global tropics, the North Atlantic, and North America. A strong northern mode is accompanied by positive, negative, and positive surface temperature anomalies in the Indochina Peninsula, midlatitude Asia, and northeast Russia, respectively. A strong southern mode features lower temperature over tropics and higher temperature over mid- to high-latitude Asia. While the southern mode is closely related to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the northern mode does not show an obvious relation to the tropical sea surface temperature (SST) change or to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)/Arctic Oscillation (AO) on the interannual time scale. Distinct snow cover and sea ice changes appear as responses to wind and surface temperature changes associated with the two modes and their effects on the EAWM variability need to be investigated in the future.

Download Full-text

Asian Jet Waveguide and a Downstream Extension of the North Atlantic Oscillation

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-3228.1 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 17 (24) ◽

pp. 4674-4691 ◽

Cited By ~ 172

Author(s):

Masahiro Watanabe

Keyword(s):

East Asia ◽

North Atlantic Oscillation ◽

North Atlantic ◽

Wave Train ◽

East Asian ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

The North Atlantic Oscillation ◽

Asian Jet Waveguide

Abstract Anomalous atmospheric fields associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are analyzed on interannual and intraseasonal time scales in order to examine the extent to which the NAO is a regional phenomenon. Analyses on the interannual time scale reveal that the NAO signal is relatively confined to the Euro–Atlantic sector in December while it extends toward East Asia and the North Pacific in February. The difference is most clearly seen in the meridional wind anomaly, which shows a wave train along the Asian jet, collocated with an anomalous vorticity source near the jet entrance. Diagnoses using a linear barotropic model indicate that this wave train is interpreted as quasi-stationary Rossby waves trapped on the Asian jet waveguide, and effectively excited by the anomalous upper-level convergence over the Mediterranean Sea. It is found that, when the NAO accompanies the Mediterranean convergence (MC) anomaly, most frequently seen in February, the NAO indeed has a much wider horizontal structure than the classical picture, rather similar to the Arctic Oscillation. In such cases interannual variability of the NAO is tied to the East Asian climate variability such that the positive NAO tends to bring a surface warming over East Asia. Similar results are obtained from an analysis of individual NAO events based on low-pass-filtered daily fields, which additionally identified that the downstream extension occurs at the decay stage of the NAO event and the MC anomaly appears to be induced by the Ekman pumping associated with the NAO. The signal of the MC anomaly can be detected even at 5 days before the peak of the NAO, suggesting that the NAO influence to East Asia is predictable to some extent; therefore, monitoring the developing NAO event is useful to the medium-range weather forecast in East Asian countries.

Download Full-text

Impact of the North Atlantic sea surface temperature tripole on the East Asian summer monsoon

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences ◽

10.1007/s00376-012-2125-5 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 1173-1186 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

Jinqing Zuo ◽

Weijing Li ◽

Chenghu Sun ◽

Li Xu ◽

Hong-Li Ren

Keyword(s):

Surface Temperature ◽

Sea Surface Temperature ◽

North Atlantic ◽

East Asian Summer Monsoon ◽

Asian Summer Monsoon ◽

East Asian ◽

Sea Surface ◽

The North ◽

Asian Summer ◽

The North Atlantic

Download Full-text

The ships that headed north - an archaeological perspective

AmS-Skrifter ◽

10.31265/ams-skrifter.v0i27.272 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 175-186

Author(s):

Mike Belasus

Keyword(s):

Fifteenth Century ◽

North Atlantic ◽

Flat Bottom ◽

Archaeological Evidence ◽

North West ◽

Atlantic Trade ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

Late Fifteenth ◽

Building Methods

Information on ships that were used for the North Atlantic trade, mainly from Hamburg and Bremen, is scarce and, to date, has been completely derived from historical documents. This is problematic because the terms used for ship types do not represent technical definitions. As there is currently no direct archaeological evidence for the ships that headed north, finds of ships and ship timbers from other areas had been considered to offer a first glance into shipbuilding and the mechanisms of change in building methods. Two main building methods can be distinguished in the medieval period for sea-going and coastal craft: the bottom-based Bremen-type shipbuilding method and clinker shipbuilding methods. The new carvel shipbuilding method was established in the late fifteenth century in north-west Europe. The archaeological evidence shows that there was no immediate change over but that in many cases, there was instead a convergence to achieve flush carvel-built hulls. Considering the Bremen-type with its flat bottom and limited sailing abilities and the fact that the German merchants only started to participate in the North Atlantic trade in the late fifteenth century, the question arises of whether there were other technical issues that prevented them from this enterprise until they managed to gain the knowledge required to build ocean-going vessels that could withstand a journey of several weeks across the North Sea and Norwegian Sea.

Download Full-text