Pyrethroid Pediculicide Resistance of Head Lice in Canada Evaluated by Serial Invasive Signal Amplification Reaction

Background: Most people in the United States and Canada with pediculosis will be treated with neurotoxic pediculicides containing pyrethrins or pyrethroids. Their widespread use led to significant resistance reported from various countries. Although treatment failures are frequently observed in Canada, the resistance frequency to pyrethroid pediculicide of human head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) has not been determined. Objective: To determine the knockdown resistance ( kdr) allele frequency in human head louse populations in Canada. Methods: Patients infested with Pediculus humanus capitis, aged 4 to 65 years, residents of Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia, were participants. Head lice were collected by combing and picking the enrolled subjects' hair. Lice were analyzed by serial invasive signal amplification reaction (SISAR) for genotyping the T917I mutation of lice indicating permethrin resistance. The permethrin-resistant kdr allele (R allele) frequency could then be evaluated in the head lice collected in Canada. Results: Of the head louse populations analyzed, 133 of 137 (97.1%) had a resistant (R) allele frequency, whereas only 4 of 137 (2.9%) had a susceptible (S) allele frequency. Conclusions: The 97.1% resistant (R) allele frequency in head lice from Canada could explain the treatment failures encountered with pyrethrin and pyrethroid pediculicide treatments in Canadian populations infested with Pediculus humanus capitis as the latter will not be eliminated by those pediculicides.

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MOLECULAR STUDY OF HUMAN HEAD LICE, PEDICULUS HUMANUS CAPITIS COMPARISON WITH GOAT SUCKING LICE, LINOGNATHUS STENOPSIS (BURMEISTER) STRAINS

Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences ◽

10.32649/ajas/2020/12 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 132-139

Keyword(s):

Genetic Difference ◽

Human Head ◽

Molecular Study ◽

Head Lice ◽

Pediculus Humanus Capitis ◽

School Students ◽

Pediculus Humanus ◽

Sucking Lice ◽

Pcr Products ◽

Amplicon Size

In this study, only (122) out of (915) primary school students were shown to be infected with head lice Pediculus. humanus capitis. The number and percentage of infected males were 46 (11.3%), while the number and percentage of infected females were 76 (14.9%). The results in our study also showed that the number and percentage of goats infected with goat sucking lice, Linognathus stenopsis was 70 (21.7%) of the total 322 animals, with the highest number and percentage among female goats 44 (62.9%) compared to the male goats 26 (37.1%). The study demonstrated that the rate of genetic difference between the studied samples was 89% and the similarity rate was 11%. Detection of OP-K01 gene pieces by PCR products showed that the amplicon size was 520 bp for P. humanus capitis isolated from humans, while the detection of OP-E20 and OP-M05 gene pieces with PCR product showed the lowest amplicon size 230 bp for Linognathus stenosis isolated from goats.

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Bacterial Symbiotes, Their Presence in Head Lice, and Potential Treatment Avenues

Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1007/7140.2006.00003 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 2-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Craig N. Burkhart ◽

Craig G. Burkhart

Keyword(s):

Head Louse ◽

Human Head ◽

Blood Feeding ◽

Symbiotic Bacteria ◽

Head Lice ◽

Pediculus Humanus ◽

Toxic Agents ◽

Anatomic Localization

Background: Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice) belongs to the order Anoplura, which are blood-feeding ectoparasites that live on human hair. Within these insects reside symbiotic bacteria that enable the insect to flourish on dietary sources of limited nutritional value. These symbiotic bacteria are essential to the survival of the insect. Objective: To assess the feasibility of treating head lice by altering their symbiotic bacteria. Methods: In addition to a literature review of the expanded role of symbiotic bacteria in other organisms, the anatomic localization of their presence in human head lice and molecular characterization of the head louse symbiont were analyzed. Results: Anatomically, the bacterial symbiotes are localized to the midgut mycetome in males and the ovaries in females. The 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid phylogenetic analysis was presented. Features of this bacterial symbiote may make this symbiont accessible as a target for pediculocidal and ovicidal therapy by altering its habitat and existence. Conclusions: An understanding of the nature of bacterial symbiotes of head lice might lead to alternative strategies for eradication or inhibition of these necessary bacteria, thereby controlling head lice with less toxic agents than conventional insecticides, to which the organism continues to increase its resistance.

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Head Louse Feces: Chemical Analysis and Behavioral Activity

Journal of Medical Entomology ◽

10.1093/jme/tjz184 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

F G Galassi ◽

M I Picollo ◽

P Gonzalez-Audino

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Head Louse ◽

Skin Irritation ◽

Human Head ◽

Behavioral Activity ◽

Volatile Components ◽

Head Lice ◽

Pediculus Humanus ◽

Secondary Infections

Abstract Human head lice Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer) (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) are insect parasites closely associated with humans, feeding on the blood of their hosts and causing them skin irritation and probable secondary infections. Despite being a severe nuisance, very few studies have reported on intraspecific chemical communication in head lice. Here, we evaluated the attractive response of head lice to the volatile compounds and solvent extracts from their feces. We also chemically analyzed the main volatile components of these feces and those of the feces’ extracts. Head lice were attracted to the methanol extract of their feces but not to the hexane or dichloromethane extracts, suggesting the polar nature of bioactive chemicals present in head louse feces. Follow-up chemical identifications, in fact, showed the presence of hypoxanthine, uric acid, and another purine tentatively identified as either guanine or iso-guanine. Additionally, head lice were significantly attracted by volatiles emitted from samples containing feces. The volatiles emanated from feces alone contained 19 identified substances: 2-pentanone, hexanal, heptanal, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, octanal, sulcatone, nonanal, acetic acid, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, decanal, 1-octanol, butyric acid, 1-nonanol, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, 2,6-dimethyl-7-octen-2-ol, 2-undecanone, geranylacetone, and hexadecane. The major compounds found were decanal, nonanal, hexanal, and acetic acid, together representing approximately 60% of the identified compounds. This work represents the first chemical evidence of intraspecies communication among head lice. The results support the existence of active substances present in the feces of P. humanus capitis that may be involved in its aggregation behavior.

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Determination, mechanism and monitoring of knockdown resistance in permethrin-resistant human head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis

Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology ◽

10.1016/j.aspen.2008.10.007 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

J. Marshall Clark

Keyword(s):

Human Head ◽

Head Lice ◽

Knockdown Resistance ◽

Pediculus Humanus Capitis ◽

Pediculus Humanus ◽

Determination Mechanism

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AVOIDING EXTINCTION BY MIGRATION: THE CASE OF THE HEAD LOUSE

Advances in Complex Systems ◽

10.1142/s0219525915500101 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 18 (01n02) ◽

pp. 1550010

Author(s):

OCTAVIO CABRERA ◽

DAMIÁN H. ZANETTE

Keyword(s):

Empirical Data ◽

Head Louse ◽

Human Head ◽

Population Fluctuations ◽

Pediculus Humanus Capitis ◽

Host Group ◽

Pediculus Humanus ◽

Biological Population ◽

Risk Of Extinction ◽

Spatial Domains

The possibility of spreading by migration, colonizing new spatial domains suitable for development and reproduction, can substantially relieve a biological population from the risk of extinction. By means of a realistic computational model based on empirical data, we study this phenomenon for the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis. In particular, we show that a lice colony infesting a single isolated host is prone to extinction by stochastic population fluctuations within an interval of several months, while migration over a relatively small group of hosts in contact with each other is enough to insure the prevalence of the infestation for indefinitely long periods. We characterize the interplay of the size of the host group with the host-to-host contagion probability, which controls a transition between extinction of the lice population and a situation where the infestation is endemic.

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Uji Efektivitas Formula Pedikulosida Berbahan Aktif Minyak Atsiri Terhadap Mortalitas Kutu Kepala (Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer) Secara In Vitro

THE JOURNAL OF MUHAMMADIYAH MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGIST ◽

10.30651/jmlt.v2i1.1921 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Tanendri Arrizqiyani

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Human Head ◽

Test Method ◽

Head Lice ◽

Pediculus Humanus Capitis ◽

Pediculus Humanus ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Negative Side Effects

Pediculosis is a disease caused by Pediculus humanus capitis de Geer or often called head lice which is an obligate ectoparasite in the human head. The prevalence of pediculosis is quite high and there are reports of resistance and negative side effects regarding the use of synthetic pediculosides trigger research and development of vegetable pediculosides. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the formula of pediculoside with active ingredients of essential oils on head lice mortality in vitro. The study was conducted by testing 3 formulas with variations in the composition of essential oils made from cassava oil, fennel oil, lemon oil, water and vegetable glycerine. Comparison of the ingredients in formula A is 10%, 10%, 5%, 50% and 20%; formula B is 5%, 15%, 5%, 50% and 20%; while formula C is 15%, 5%, 5%, 50% and 20%. The test method is an experiment with a completely randomized design. The test is done by placing 10 adult head lice on filter paper which has been saturated with a formula made in a petri dish. Mortality of head lice is observed based on time. Test results data will be compared with negative controls and positive controls in the form of testing using permethrin-active pediculoside drugs. The results showed that the pediculoside formula A, B and C had a high mortality rate which caused 100% of the deaths of head lice tested in less than 5 minutes. Statistically there is a significance to the results of testing formulas A, B, and C when compared to controls. Based on the results of multiple statistical statistics, it was found that formula C was the most effective as a pediculoside formula

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Ovicidal and adulticidal effects of monoterpenoids against permethrin-resistant human head lice,Pediculus humanus capitis

Medical and Veterinary Entomology ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00759.x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 335-339 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

A. C. TOLOZA ◽

C. VASSENA ◽

M. I. PICOLLO

Keyword(s):

Human Head ◽

Head Lice ◽

Pediculus Humanus Capitis ◽

Pediculus Humanus

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First Determination of Pyrethroid Knockdown Resistance Alleles in Human Head Lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) From Chile

Journal of Medical Entomology ◽

10.1093/jme/tjz101 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 56 (6) ◽

pp. 1698-1703 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gonzalo Roca-Acevedo ◽

Carmen Paz del Solar Kupfer ◽

Paulina Dressel Roa ◽

Ariel Ceferino Toloza

Keyword(s):

Binding Sites ◽

Selective Pressure ◽

Pyrethroid Resistance ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Human Head ◽

Head Lice ◽

Pediculus Humanus Capitis ◽

Over The Counter ◽

Pediculus Humanus

AbstractThe infestation with the human ectoparasite, Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer), is a common public health problem affecting schoolchildren worldwide. In Chile, the main active ingredients present in the over-the-counter pediculicides contain pyrethroids. Despite the extended use of these products, there is no evidence of the insecticide resistance status of the head lice geographically located in Chile. The most extended resistant mechanism of pyrethroids consists of the target site insensitivity (Kdr) determined by the presence of mutations linked to insecticide-binding sites in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel. T917I is recognized as the main mutation in head lice, and detection is considered to be a biomarker of resistance. The goal of the present study was to detect the presence and distribution of T917I mutation in five geographic locations of Chile. All five geographically selected louse populations had a frequency of pyrethroid resistance genes that ranged from 36 to 77%, and 94.9% of the collected head lice had one or two T917I mutant alleles. Moreover, the frequency of the aggregate resistant alleles was 50.5%. This is the first evidence that head lice in Chile had the mutations commonly associated with the resistance to pyrethroids. Moreover, the overrepresentation of heterozygotes in the studied populations suggests that head lice in Chile are currently under active selective pressure.

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