Vaccines and Vaccination

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Obradovich ◽  
Nicholas C Issa
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Immunocompromised Host ◽  
Postexposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Childhood Diseases ◽  
New Era ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Serotype B

The advent of vaccination began a new era in the world and in medicine. From the eradication of smallpox and near-eradication of polio to the significant reduction in many childhood diseases, vaccination has saved countless lives. Progress continues today in the form of safer and more effective vaccines, along with new vaccines against old and emerging pathogens that threaten worldwide pandemics. Several vaccines have been approved recently by the Food and Drug Administration, including a more immunogenic pneumococcal vaccine, new meningococcal serotype B vaccines, a 9-valent HPV vaccine, and the first adjuvanted influenza vaccine. Additional advancement with improved vaccines against herpes zoster and novel vaccines against emerging pathogens (Ebola and Zika viruses) is on the horizon. In this review, we discuss the immune mechanisms by which vaccines induce protection, the different types of vaccines, and the most recent recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for vaccination schedules in adults. Key information for the general practitioner is presented in a concise and easy-to-read format, summarized in tables whenever possible. Vaccination in special populations, such as pregnant women, immunocompromised patients, international travelers, and health care workers, is also included in this review. A list of guidelines is also included. Key words: immunocompromised host, postexposure prophylaxis, travel, vaccination, vaccine This review contains 7 highly rendered figures, 12 tables, and 57 references.

Vaccines and Vaccination

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Obradovich ◽  
Nicholas C Issa
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Immunocompromised Host ◽  
Postexposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Childhood Diseases ◽  
New Era ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Serotype B

The advent of vaccination began a new era in the world and in medicine. From the eradication of smallpox and near-eradication of polio to the significant reduction in many childhood diseases, vaccination has saved countless lives. Progress continues today in the form of safer and more effective vaccines, along with new vaccines against old and emerging pathogens that threaten worldwide pandemics. Several vaccines have been approved recently by the Food and Drug Administration, including a more immunogenic pneumococcal vaccine, new meningococcal serotype B vaccines, a 9-valent HPV vaccine, and the first adjuvanted influenza vaccine. Additional advancement with improved vaccines against herpes zoster and novel vaccines against emerging pathogens (Ebola and Zika viruses) is on the horizon. In this review, we discuss the immune mechanisms by which vaccines induce protection, the different types of vaccines, and the most recent recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for vaccination schedules in adults. Key information for the general practitioner is presented in a concise and easy-to-read format, summarized in tables whenever possible. Vaccination in special populations, such as pregnant women, immunocompromised patients, international travelers, and health care workers, is also included in this review. A list of guidelines is also included. Key words: immunocompromised host, postexposure prophylaxis, travel, vaccination, vaccine This review contains 7 highly rendered figures, 12 tables, and 57 references.

Occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens among health care workers in Botswana: Reporting and utilization of postexposure prophylaxis

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 879-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getachew Kassa ◽  
Dejana Selenic ◽  
Maria Lahuerta ◽  
Tendani Gaolathe ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Occupational Exposure ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Postexposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Bloodborne Pathogens ◽  
Care Workers

scholarly journals EFFECT OF WEARING DIFFERENT TYPES OF FACE MASKS FOR PROLONGED PERIOD OF TIME ON BREATHLESSNESS & PERCEPTION IN HEALTH CARE WORKERS - AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (06) ◽  
pp. 464-475
Author(s):  
Rohit Sunil Bhavthankar ◽  
◽  
Arijit Kumar Das ◽  
Abhijit D. Diwate ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Good Choice ◽  
The Body ◽  
Posterior Aspect ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Surgical Masks ◽  
Different Types ◽  
N95 Respirators ◽  
The City

Background- The coronavirus disease, which originated in the city of Wuhan, China, has quickly spread to various countries, with many cases having been reported worldwide. As of May 8th, 2020, in India, 56,342 positive cases have been reported. Masks can help prevent the spread of the virus from the person wearing the mask to others. HCWs need to wear the mask for prolonged period of time as they come in contact with various people and so there are many adverse effects of the mask on the body such as breathlessness etc. Masks include mainly 3 types: N-95 respirators, surgical masks, cloth masks. Methods-The study was conducted at vikhe patil medical hospital and college of Physiotherapy, Ahmednagar.Pre and Post experiences of breathlessness and perception were compared. Result- We have analyzed that N-95 Respirators cause maximum Breathlessness compared to Surgical and cloth masks. In case of feeling stress, N-95 Respirators were the major reason, followed by Surgical Masks.Surgical and N95 Respirators create equal difficulties in communication.Causing pain on posterior aspect of the ear, as well as headache is seen more in N-95 respirators. But while using masks, N-95 has created less agitation compared to Surgical and Cloth Masks. Conclusion- We can conclude that even N-95 is major cause of difficulties, Other masks are creating near about same difficulties but N-95 gives maximum safety. So,preferring N-95 Respirators is a good choice even after having more difficulties.

scholarly journals Knowledge of Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Attitudes and Practices Towards Anti-HPV Vaccination Among Israeli Pediatricians, Gynecologists, and Internal Medicine Doctors: Development and Validation of an Ad Hoc Questionnaire

Vaccines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rola Khamisy-Farah ◽  
Mohammad Adawi ◽  
Haneen Jeries-Ghantous ◽  
Jacob Bornstein ◽  
Raymond Farah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Care Workers

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a highly widespread virus which is responsible for one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Two main preventative strategies exist: anti-HPV vaccination and cervical screening. Health-care workers play a key role in promoting public health campaigns; however, vaccine hesitancy is an often under-recognized challenge. To investigate the overall knowledge of HPV and HPV-related issues, as well as the attitudes and practices of health professionals towards recommending the anti-HPV vaccine, an ad hoc knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) questionnaire was developed and validated in a sample of 139 Israeli pediatricians, gynecologists, and internal medicine doctors. The KAP questionnaire was found to be psychometrically valid and sound (with an rKR-20 coefficient of 0.74 for the second part and a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.85 for the third part). Furthermore, the present study confirmed the importance of health-care providers in recommending the immunization practice. Parents that had been strongly advised by health-care providers to vaccinate their children accepted immunization for their girls (odds ratio (OR) 1.09 (95% CI 1.04–1.14)) and boys (OR 1.06 (95% CI 1.02–1.10)), had a lower probability of deciding to postpone the immunization appointment (OR 0.81 (95% CI 0.66–0.98)), had fewer doubts and concerns about the vaccine (OR 0.69 (95% CI 0.54–0.89)), and had a lower probability of refusing the vaccination (OR 0.93 (95% CI 0.86–0.99)). Interestingly, the use of new, emerging tools such as ad hoc websites, applications, and other interactive devices reduced vaccine hesitancy (OR 0.90 (95% CI 0.82–0.99)) and concerns about the side-effects of the vaccine (OR 0.92 (95% CI 0.86–0.99)). However, among Israeli health-care workers, knowledge was generally moderate, with updated information lacking in about 30% of surveyed health-care providers and approximately 20% of them not recommending the anti-HPV vaccine among boys. This study has practical implications for policy- and decision-makers in that they should be aware of the overall level of knowledge among health-care workers and should implement ad hoc educational interventions to address gaps in knowledge and help medical providers routinely recommend the anti-HPV vaccine both to male and female children and adolescents.

scholarly journals Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Postexposure Prophylaxis against HIV Infection among Healthcare Workers in Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Endalkachew Mekonnen Eticha ◽  
Ashenafi Beru Gemeda
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Postexposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Care Workers

Background. Postexposure chemoprophylaxis can prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in risk health care workers; however routine adoption of these practices by the workers has been limited. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 311 health care workers of Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital between February and March 2016. Data was collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire and analysed using STATA 12. Results. In all, 83% of the participants had adequate knowledge of postexposure prophylaxis for HIV. All the respondents had heard about postexposure prophylaxis for HIV; however, only 37 (22.4%) workers know the definition of the postexposure prophylaxis. Among study participants, the majority of them, 272 (87.5%), knew the preferable time to initiate postexposure chemoprophylaxis. A significant number of the workers (43.4%) had an unfavorable attitude towards postexposure prophylaxis. Among 53 workers with a potential exposure to HIV, 38 (71.7%) took postexposure chemoprophylaxis and only 26 (44.8%) completed taking postexposure prophylaxis correctly. Conclusion. In all, most of the health care workers had adequate knowledge about postexposure prophylaxis against HIV/AIDS. The result shows that a significant number of individuals had a negative attitude and poor practice with regard to postexposure prophylaxis. Therefore, formal training that aims to improve attitudes and support to improve postexposure prophylaxis implementation and completion are needed. We would recommend the establishment of appropriate guidelines and the supply chain to ensure the availability of postexposure prophylaxis drugs for the protection of healthcare workers with potential high risk exposure to HIV.

Stigmatization of mental health problems in Albania, ways of diminishing it

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S573-S574
Author(s):  
T. Jupe ◽  
F. Elezi ◽  
B. Zenelaj ◽  
E. Myslimi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Competing Interest

Background and aimMore recent definitions of stigma focus on the results of stigma – the prejudice, avoidance, rejection and discrimination directed at people believed to have an illness, disorder or other trait perceived to be undesirable.MethodsDuring this study, we used Attitudes to Mental Illness Questionnaire (AMIQ), which helped us to understand the differences in the acceptance by the population for 3 different types of diseases: addiction, diabetes and schizophrenia.Results(1) Alban has diabetes. (2) Besnik has schizophrenia.Conclusions(1) The patients with schizophrenia have higher levels of stigma compared diabetic patients or those alcoholics (Tables 1 and 2 and Fig. 1). (2) Statistical processing carried out concluded that have statistically significant differences between gender-stigma (P = 0.001), age-stigma (P = 0.0001) and education-stigma (P = 0.001) (Fig. 2). (3) Health care workers stigma is exactly the same as in general population (P = 0.01) (Fig. 2).Recommendations– Support recovery and social inclusion and reduce discrimination.– Do not label or judge people with a mental illness, treat them with respect and dignity as you would anyone else.– Do not discriminate when they come participation, housing and employment.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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