Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Titania Building Blocks on Glass Substrate from Mono-Dispersed Titanium Glycolate Spheres and Their Photocatalystic Properties

Lath martensite is a complex hierarchical compound structure that forms during rapid cooling of carbon steels from the austenitic phase. At the smallest, i.e., ‘single crystal’ scale, individual, elongated domains, form the elemental microstructural building blocks: the name-giving laths. Several laths of nearly identical crystallographic orientation are grouped together to blocks, in which–depending on the exact material characteristics–clearly distinguishable subblocks might be observed. Several blocks with the same habit plane together form a packet of which typically three to four together finally make up the former parent austenitic grain. Here, a fully parametrized approach is presented which converts an austenitic polycrystal representation into martensitic microstructures incorporating all these details. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) Representative Volume Elements (RVEs) are generated based on prior austenite microstructure reconstructed from a 2D experimental martensitic microstructure. The RVEs are used for high-resolution crystal plasticity simulations with a fast spectral method-based solver and a phenomenological constitutive description. The comparison of the results obtained from the 2D experimental microstructure and the 2D RVEs reveals a high quantitative agreement. The stress and strain distributions and their characteristics change significantly if 3D microstructures are used. Further simulations are conducted to systematically investigate the influence of microstructural parameters, such as lath aspect ratio, lath volume, subblock thickness, orientation scatter, and prior austenitic grain shape on the global and local mechanical behavior. These microstructural features happen to change the local mechanical behavior, whereas the average stress–strain response is not significantly altered. Correlations between the microstructure and the plastic behavior are established.

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Reliability Evaluation of Fan-Out Type 3D Packaging-On-Packaging

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi12030295 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 295

Author(s):

Pao-Hsiung Wang ◽

Yu-Wei Huang ◽

Kuo-Ning Chiang

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Thermal Cycling ◽

Glass Substrate ◽

High Speed ◽

Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Design Parameters ◽

Time To Failure ◽

Wafer Level ◽

Fine Pitch

The development of fan-out packaging technology for fine-pitch and high-pin-count applications is a hot topic in semiconductor research. To reduce the package footprint and improve system performance, many applications have adopted packaging-on-packaging (PoP) architecture. Given its inherent characteristics, glass is a good material for high-speed transmission applications. Therefore, this study proposes a fan-out wafer-level packaging (FO-WLP) with glass substrate-type PoP. The reliability life of the proposed FO-WLP was evaluated under thermal cycling conditions through finite element simulations and empirical calculations. Considering the simulation processing time and consistency with the experimentally obtained mean time to failure (MTTF) of the packaging, both two- and three-dimensional finite element models were developed with appropriate mechanical theories, and were verified to have similar MTTFs. Next, the FO-WLP structure was optimized by simulating various design parameters. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the glass substrate exerted the strongest effect on the reliability life under thermal cycling loading. In addition, the upper and lower pad thicknesses and the buffer layer thickness significantly affected the reliability life of both the FO-WLP and the FO-WLP-type PoP.

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ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthetic Strategy to Construct Three-Dimensional 4f-5d Networks Using Neutral Two-Dimensional Layers as Building Blocks.

ChemInform ◽

10.1002/chin.201036013 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 41 (36) ◽

pp. no-no

Author(s):

Hu Zhou ◽

Ai-Hua Yuan ◽

Su-Yan Qian ◽

You Song ◽

Guo-Wang Diao

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Synthetic Strategy

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Design and Optimization of a Shape Memory Alloy-Based Self-Folding Sheet

Journal of Mechanical Design ◽

10.1115/1.4025382 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 135 (11) ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Edwin Peraza-Hernandez ◽

Darren Hartl ◽

Edgar Galvan ◽

Richard Malak

Keyword(s):

Shape Memory Alloy ◽

Shape Memory ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Passive Layer ◽

Von Mises Stress ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Radius Of Curvature ◽

Folding Angle ◽

The Impact

Origami engineering—the practice of creating useful three-dimensional structures through folding and fold-like operations on two-dimensional building-blocks—has the potential to impact several areas of design and manufacturing. In this article, we study a new concept for a self-folding system. It consists of an active, self-morphing laminate that includes two meshes of thermally-actuated shape memory alloy (SMA) wire separated by a compliant passive layer. The goal of this article is to analyze the folding behavior and examine key engineering tradeoffs associated with the proposed system. We consider the impact of several design variables including mesh wire thickness, mesh wire spacing, thickness of the insulating elastomer layer, and heating power. Response parameters of interest include effective folding angle, maximum von Mises stress in the SMA, maximum temperature in the SMA, maximum temperature in the elastomer, and radius of curvature at the fold line. We identify an optimized physical realization for maximizing folding capability under mechanical and thermal failure constraints. Furthermore, we conclude that the proposed self-folding system is capable of achieving folds of significant magnitude (as measured by the effective folding angle) as required to create useful 3D structures.

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A new three-dimensional anionic cadmium(II) dicyanamide network

Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry ◽

10.1107/s2053229614022360 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 70 (11) ◽

pp. 1054-1056 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Qiang Li ◽

Hui-Ting Wang

Keyword(s):

Crystal Structure ◽

Aqueous Solution ◽

Unit Cell Volume ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Building Blocks ◽

The Other ◽

Dimensional Structure ◽

Cadmium Nitrate ◽

Nitrate Tetrahydrate ◽

Anionic Framework

A new cadmium dicyanamide complex, poly[tetramethylphosphonium [μ-chlorido-di-μ-dicyanamido-κ4N1:N5-cadmium(II)]], [(CH3)4P][Cd(NCNCN)2Cl], was synthesized by the reaction of tetramethylphosphonium chloride, cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate and sodium dicyanamide in aqueous solution. In the crystal structure, each CdIIatom is octahedrally coordinated by four terminal N atoms from four anionic dicyanamide (dca) ligands and by two chloride ligands. The dicyanamide ligands play two different roles in the building up of the structure; one role results in the formation of [Cd(dca)Cl]2building blocks, while the other links the building blocks into a three-dimensional structure. The anionic framework exhibits a solvent-accessible void of 673.8 Å3, amounting to 47.44% of the total unit-cell volume. The cavities in the network are occupied by pairs of tetramethylphosphonium cations.

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Assembly of multicomponent structures from hundreds of micron-scale building blocks using optical tweezers

Microsystems & Nanoengineering ◽

10.1038/s41378-021-00272-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jeffrey E. Melzer ◽

Euan McLeod

Keyword(s):

Optical Tweezers ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Optical Tweezer ◽

Device Fabrication ◽

Positional Accuracy ◽

Component Structure ◽

Material Development ◽

Critical Process Parameters ◽

Optical Positioning

AbstractThe fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) microscale structures is critical for many applications, including strong and lightweight material development, medical device fabrication, microrobotics, and photonic applications. While 3D microfabrication has seen progress over the past decades, complex multicomponent integration with small or hierarchical feature sizes is still a challenge. In this study, an optical positioning and linking (OPAL) platform based on optical tweezers is used to precisely fabricate 3D microstructures from two types of micron-scale building blocks linked by biochemical interactions. A computer-controlled interface with rapid on-the-fly automated recalibration routines maintains accuracy even after placing many building blocks. OPAL achieves a 60-nm positional accuracy by optimizing the molecular functionalization and laser power. A two-component structure consisting of 448 1-µm building blocks is assembled, representing the largest number of building blocks used to date in 3D optical tweezer microassembly. Although optical tweezers have previously been used for microfabrication, those results were generally restricted to single-material structures composed of a relatively small number of larger-sized building blocks, with little discussion of critical process parameters. It is anticipated that OPAL will enable the assembly, augmentation, and repair of microstructures composed of specialty micro/nanomaterial building blocks to be used in new photonic, microfluidic, and biomedical devices.

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Construction of Three-Dimensional DNA Hydrogels from Linear Building Blocks

Angewandte Chemie ◽

10.1002/ange.201402497 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 126 (32) ◽

pp. 8468-8472 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Tanja Nöll ◽

Holger Schönherr ◽

Daniel Wesner ◽

Michael Schopferer ◽

Thomas Paululat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Dna Hydrogels

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A New POM-Based Supramolecular Compound: Synthesis, Structure and Adsorptive Property of [Cu(phen)2]3[W6O19]

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.2013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 919-921 ◽

pp. 2013-2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ya Bing Liu ◽

Hong Jie Wang ◽

Hong Kai Zhao

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Monoclinic Space Group ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Hybrid Compound ◽

Adsorptive Property ◽

X Ray ◽

Hydrogen Bonding Interactions ◽

Compound Synthesis ◽

Metal Organic

A POM - based organice - inorganic hybrid compound with the chemical formula of[Cu (phen)2]3[W6O19] (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) (1) has been hydrothermally synthesized andstructurally characterized by the elemental analysis, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupC2/c witha=18.319(4) Å,b= 17.311(4) Å,c= 22.248(4) Å,β= 112.40(3) o,V= 6523(2) Å3,Z= 4, R1= 0.0448, andwR2=0.1218. Compound 1 consists of the [W6O19]3-building blocks and [Cu (phen)2]+metal organic cationic moieties, which are packed together via the extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions to form a three-dimensional supramolecular framework. The adsorption of methylene blue (MB) under UV irradiation with 1 as the heterogeneous adsorbent has been investigated, showing a good adsorptive property of 1 for MB degradation.

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