Observation of the abluminal surface of the atrioventricular endothelium which undergoes transition into cardiac cushion mesenchymal cells in the chick embryo.

Selected tissues from chick embryos were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde and 1% OsO4, both buffered at pH 7.6 with Veronal-acetate, and were embedded in Maraglas or Araldite. Two types of cell division have been noted. Generally, epithelial cells divide predominantly by a shortening of the chromosome-to-pole distance rather than by spindle elongation; mesenchymal cells undergo extensive spindle elongation. The presence of numerous continuous microtubules in cells that undergo extensive spindle elongation functionally implicates these tubules in the elongation process. In most embryonic epithelia, the cleavage furrow converges to a fixed site forming a mid-body near the anchoring desmosomes at the free surface; symmetrical furrow formation is typical of mesenchymal cells which lack desmosomes. The hypothesis of cleavage furrow formation and the fate of the mid-body that is formed during cytokinesis are discussed.

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Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-4 can induce proliferation of cardiac cushion mesenchymal cells during early valve leaflet formation

Developmental Biology ◽

10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00099-x ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 258 (2) ◽

pp. 252-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Yukiko Sugi ◽

Naoki Ito ◽

Györgyi Szebenyi ◽

Kioina Myers ◽

John F Fallon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Factor ◽

Fibroblast Growth Factor ◽

Mesenchymal Cells ◽

Valve Leaflet ◽

Fibroblast Growth ◽

Cardiac Cushion

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Reconstruction of distinct vertebrate gastrulation modes via modulation of key cell behaviours in the chick embryo

10.1101/2021.10.03.462938 ◽

2021 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Manli Chuai ◽

Guillermo Serrano Nájera ◽

Mattia Serra ◽

L. Mahadevan ◽

Cornelis J. Weijer

Keyword(s):

Chick Embryo ◽

Teleost Fish ◽

Primitive Streak ◽

Theoretical Framework ◽

Mesenchymal Cells ◽

Signalling Pathways ◽

Vertebrate Species ◽

Self Organized ◽

Cellular Behaviors ◽

Epithelial Sheets

The morphology of gastrulation driving the internalisation of the mesoderm and endoderm differs dramatically among vertebrate species. It ranges from involution of epithelial sheets of cells through a circular blastopore in amphibians to ingression of mesenchymal cells through a primitive streak in amniotes. By targeting signalling pathways controlling critical cell behaviours in the chick embryo, we generated crescent- and ring-shaped mesendoderm territories in which cells can or cannot ingress. These alterations subvert the formation of the chick primitive streak into the gastrulation modes seen in amphibians, reptiles and teleost fish. Our experimental manipulations are supported by a theoretical framework linking cellular behaviors to self-organized multi-cellular flows in the accompanying paper. All together, this suggests that the evolution of gastrulation movements are largely determined by the shape of and cell behaviours in the mesendoderm territory across different species, and controlled by a relatively small number of signalling pathways.

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Interference with thyroid histogenesis by inhibitors of collagen synthesis.

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.75.2.446 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

pp. 446-463 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

S R Hilfer ◽

G L Pakstis

Keyword(s):

Carboxylic Acid ◽

Epithelial Cell ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Chick Embryo ◽

Collagen Synthesis ◽

Mesenchymal Cells ◽

Cell Product ◽

Fibrillar Material ◽

Epithelial Origin ◽

Material Form

Histogenesis of thyroid follicles in the chick embryo begins with a penetration by cells of the mesenchymal capsule into a solid epithelial primordium. Before penetration occurs, slits containing fibrillar material form between the epithelial cells. The fibrillar material is an epithelial cell product as shown by its formation within channels that form in cultures of isolated epithelial primordia. The drugs L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (LACA) and alpha, alpha'-dipyridyl, which interfere with collagen synthesis, prevent the formation of fibrils in cultured epithelial primordia and in cultures of whole thyroids. Furthermore, mesenchymal cells do not invade when whole thyroid primordia are cultured in the presence of either drug. The effects of alpha, alpha'-dipyridyl are reversed by washing out the drug; the effects of LACA are reversed by incubation with equimolar or greater amounts of L-proline added to the medium along with the drug. The results are interpreted to mean that the fibrillar material is collagen of epithelial origin, that the collagen in some way plays a role in mesenchymal penetration of the epithelial primordium, and that the epithelium is responsible for the pattern of lobulation within the developing gland.

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REDUCTION OF THE INTERACTION BETVVEEN VITRONECTIN AND CARDIAC CUSHION MESENCHYMAL CELLS OF THE RAT EMBRYO BY BISDIAMINE

Biomedical Research ◽

10.2220/biomedres.13.309 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 309-315 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

HIROSHI SUMIDA ◽

HARUKAZU NAKAMURA ◽

MIKI HISAKANE ◽

MINEO YASUDA

Keyword(s):

Mesenchymal Cells ◽

Rat Embryo ◽

Cardiac Cushion

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Isolation and transformation of primary mesenchymal cells of the chick embryo

Cell ◽

10.1016/0092-8674(79)90320-9 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 801-811 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Robert W. Keane ◽

Peter C. Lindblad ◽

Lauren T. Pierik ◽

Vernon M. Ingram

Keyword(s):

Chick Embryo ◽

Mesenchymal Cells

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Insulin regulation of amino acid transport in mesenchymal cells from avian and mammalian tissues

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1600281 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 160 (2) ◽

pp. 281-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

G G Guidotti ◽

A F Borghetti ◽

G C Gazzola ◽

M Tramacere ◽

V Dall'asta

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Chick Embryo ◽

Amino Acid Transport ◽

Mesenchymal Cell ◽

Mesenchymal Cells ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Acid Transport ◽

Insulin Regulation ◽

Mammalian Tissues

Insulin regulation of amino acid transport across the cell membrane was studied in a variety of mesenchymal cell directly isolated from avian and mammalian tissues or collected from confluent cultures. Transport activity of the principal systems of mediation in the presence and absence of insulin was evaluated by measuring the uptake of representative amino acids under conditions approaching initial entry rates. Insulin enhanced the transport rate of substrate amino acids from the A system(α-aminoisobutyric acid, L-proline, glycine, L-alanine and L-serine) in fibroblasts and osteoblasts from chick-embryo tissues, in mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells) from immature rat uterus, in thymic lymphocytes from young rats and in chick-embryo fibroblasts from confluent secondary cultures. In these tissues, the uptake of amino acid substrates of transport systems L and Ly+ (L-leucine, L-phenylalanine, L-lysine) was not affected by the presence of the hormone. No insulin control of amino acid transport was detected in chick-embryo chondroblasts and rat peritoneal macrophages. These observations identify the occurrence of hormonal regulatory patterns of amino acid transport for different mesenchymal cells types and indicate that these properties emerge early during cell differentiation.

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Otoconia formation in the chick embryo

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100076494 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 572-573

Author(s):

C.D. Fermin ◽

M. Igarashi

Keyword(s):

Chick Embryo ◽

Inner Ear ◽

Gallus Domesticus ◽

The Body ◽

Abnormal Behavior ◽

Intensive Study ◽

Basic Fuchsin ◽

Gestational Period ◽

Sensory Epithelia ◽

Transmission Electron

Otoconia are microscopic geometric structures that cover the sensory epithelia of the utricle and saccule (gravitational receptors) of mammals, and the lagena macula of birds. The importance of otoconia for maintanance of the body balance is evidenced by the abnormal behavior of species with genetic defects of otolith. Although a few reports have dealt with otoconia formation, some basic questions remain unanswered. The chick embryo is desirable for studying otoconial formation because its inner ear structures are easily accessible, and its gestational period is short (21 days of incubation).The results described here are part of an intensive study intended to examine the morphogenesis of the otoconia in the chick embryo (Gallus- domesticus) inner ear. We used chick embryos from the 4th day of incubation until hatching, and examined the specimens with light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The embryos were decapitated, and fixed by immersion with 3% cold glutaraldehyde. The ears and their parts were dissected out under the microscope; no decalcification was used. For LM, the ears were embedded in JB-4 plastic, cut serially at 5 micra and stained with 0.2% toluidine blue and 0.1% basic fuchsin in 25% alcohol.

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