Early Childhood Antibiotic Treatment for Otitis Media and Other Respiratory Tract Infections Is Associated With Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: A Nationwide Register-Based Study With Sibling Analysis

Abstract Background Genetic heterogeneity in type I interferon (IFN)–related gene IFI44L may account for variable susceptibility to respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in children. Methods In 2 prospective, population-based birth cohorts, the STEPS Study and the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, IFI44L genotypes for rs273259 and rs1333969 were determined in relation to the development of RTIs until 1 or 2 years of age, respectively. At age 3 months, whole-blood transcriptional profiles were analyzed and nasal samples were tested for respiratory viruses in a subset of children. Results In the STEPS Study (n = 1135), IFI44L minor/minor gene variants were associated with lower rates of acute otitis media episodes (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 0.77 [95% confidence interval, .61–.96] for rs273259 and 0.74 [.55–.99] for rs1333969) and courses of antibiotics for RTIs (0.76 [.62–.95] and 0.73 [.56–.97], respectively. In the FinnBrain cohort (n = 971), IFI44L variants were associated with lower rates of RTIs and courses of antibiotics for RTIs. In respiratory virus–positive 3-month-old children, IFI44L gene variants were associated with decreased expression levels of IFI44L and several other IFN-related genes. Conclusions Variant forms of IFI44L gene were protective against early-childhood RTIs or acute otitis media, and they attenuated IFN pathway activation by respiratory viruses.

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Self-reported lower respiratory tract infections and development of islet autoimmunity in children with the type 1 diabetes high-risk HLA genotype: the MIDIA study

Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews ◽

10.1002/dmrr.1258 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 27 (8) ◽

pp. 834-837 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Trond Rasmussen ◽

Elisabet Witsø ◽

German Tapia ◽

Lars C. Stene ◽

Kjersti S. Rønningen

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

High Risk ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Islet Autoimmunity ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Hla Genotype

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Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Young Children: Duration of and Frequency of Complications

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.87.2.129 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 87 (2) ◽

pp. 129-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ellen R. Wald ◽

Nancy Guerra ◽

Carol Byers

Keyword(s):

Child Care ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Home Care ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Day Care ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

This study was performed to determine the usual duration of community-acquired viral upper respiratory tract infections and the incidence of complications (otitis media/sinusitis) of these respiratory tract infections in infancy and early childhood. Children in various forms of child-care arrangements (home care, group care, and day care) were enrolled at birth and observed for 3 years. Families were telephoned every 2 weeks to record on a standardized form the type and severity of illnesses experienced during the previous interval. Only children remaining in their original child-care group for the entire study period were compared. The mean duration of an upper respiratory tract infection varied between 6.6 days (for 1- to 2-year-old children in home care) and 8.9 days (for children younger than 1 year in day care). The percentage of apparently simple upper respiratory tract infections that lasted more than 15 days ranged from 6.5% (for 1- to 3-year-old children in home care) to 13.1% (for 2- to 3-year-old children in day care). Children in day care were more likely than children in home care to have protracted respiratory symptoms. Of 2741 respiratory tract infections recorded for the 3-year period, 801 (29.2%) were complicated by otitis media. During the first 2 years of life, children in any type of day care were more likely than children in home care to have otitis media as a complication of upper respiratory tract infection. In year 3, the risk of otitis media was similar in all types of child care.

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