Ketonuria in Pregnancy--With Special Reference to Calorie-restricted Food Intake in Obese Diabetics

Three patients with typical "diencephalic syndrome" have been described. The clinical observation of an emaciated and pale, but remarkably bright, cheerful, and active infant with a normal or increased appetite and food intake should suggest the diagnosis. Physical findings are conspicuous by their absence, although mild nystagmus, tremor, or ataxia may occasionally be present. An elevated total eosinophil count and an elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein are important, though not invariable, features. Metopirone test coupled with ACTH-adrenal stimulation test indicate markedly reduced pituitary reserve. Diagnosis is confirmed by pneumoencephalography and biopsy. It is likely that with increasing knowledge, the clinical spectrum of this syndrome will be broadened, and one might expect to find, on occasions, anorexia rather than increased appetite, lassitude rather than hyperactivity, irritability rather than euphoria, obesity rather than emaciation, and different combinations of all of these features. The results of therapy with beam-directed cobalt irradiation are encouraging.

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ROLE OF CBC WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RDW-CV IN DETECTING EARLY IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA IN PREGNANCY

Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare ◽

10.18410/jebmh/2018/152 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (9) ◽

pp. 744-748

Author(s):

Sumita Tripathy ◽

Bagmi Mishra

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Special Reference ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Anaemia In Pregnancy ◽

In Pregnancy

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Androgen excess increases food intake in a rat polycystic ovary syndrome model by down-regulating hypothalamus insulin and leptin signaling pathways preceding weight gain

Neuroendocrinology ◽

10.1159/000521236 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ying Liu ◽

Yu-chen Xu ◽

Yu-gui Cui ◽

Shi-wen Jiang ◽

Fei-yang Diao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Food Intake ◽

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Androgen Excess ◽

Ovary Syndrome ◽

Leptin Signaling ◽

Leptin Sensitivity ◽

Androgen Levels ◽

Restricted Food Intake

Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive and metabolic disorder characterized by high androgen levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hyperandrogenism on the hypothalamus, and subsequently on the food intake and obesity in females. Methods A dihydroxy testosterone (DHT)-induced rat model was established to recapitulate the hyperandrogenism features of PCOS patients. Body weight and food intake of the rats were recorded. The food intake of DHT-induced rats was restricted by pair feeding to exclude possible effects of weight gain on the hypothalamus. The expression levels of relevant proteins and mRNAs in the hypothalamus, primary hypothalamic neurons exposed to DHT were analyzed by Western blotting and RT-PCR respectively. The leptin levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured, and leptin was injected via the intracerebroventricular (ICV) route to test the leptin sensitivity of hypothalamus. Results The excessive pre-puberty androgen levels in the DHT-induced rats markedly elevated food intake prior to weight gain. Consistent with this, the expression of NPY and Agouti-related peptide (Agrp) mRNAs were up-regulated, which occurred prior to obesity and even with restricted food intake. In addition, the hypothalamic sensitivity to insulin and leptin was also impaired in the DHT-induced rats before obesity and with restricted food intake. DHT significantly reduced the leptin levels in the CSF, and ICV injection of leptin inhibited the DHT-induced increase in food intake. Conclusions Androgen excess increased food intake in rats and promoted obesity by down-regulating insulin and leptin signaling in the hypothalamus, most likely by suppressing leptin levels in the CSF.

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