Lack of Evidence for a Causal Relationship between Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy and Subdural Hemorrhage in Fetal Life, Infancy, and Early Childhood

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 348-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger W. Byard ◽  
Peter Blumbergs ◽  
Guy Rutty ◽  
Jan Sperhake ◽  
Jytte Banner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Subdural Hemorrhage ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Infancy And Early Childhood ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Ischemic Encephalopathy

It has been asserted that hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) with cerebral swelling in the absence of marked trauma may be responsible for subural hemorrhage in the young. As this may have considerable implications in determining both the mechanism of death and the degree of force required to cause injury in certain cases of inflicted head injury in infancy, clarification is required. A retrospective study of 82 fetuses, infants, and toddlers with proven HIE and no trauma was undertaken from forensic institutes in Australia, the United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, and the United States. The age range was 35 weeks gestation to 3 years, with a male to female ratio of 2:1. All cases had histologically confirmed HIE. Causes of the hypoxic episodes were temporarily resuscitated sudden infant death syndrome with delayed death (N = 30), drowning (N = 12), accidental asphyxia (N = 10), intrauterine/delivery asphyxia (N = 8), congenital disease (N = 6), aspiration of food/gastric contents (N = 4), inflicted asphyxia (N = 3), epilepsy (N = 1), dehydration (N = 1), drug toxicity (N = 1), complications of prematurity (N = 1), and complications of anesthesia (N = 1). The initiating event was not determined in 4 instances. In no case was there macroscopic evidence of subdural hemorrhage. In this study no support could be given to the hypothesis that HIE in the young in the absence of trauma causes subdural hemorrhage.

Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy in Neonates with Birth Asphyxia - A Hospital Based Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Jyoti Adhikari ◽  
Deepak Paudel
Keyword(s):  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
College Teaching ◽  
Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy ◽  
Obstructed Labor ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Normal Birth ◽  
Risk Pregnancy ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Ischemic Encephalopathy

Introduction: Each year approximately 4 million babies are born asphyxiated, which results in 1 million deaths and an equal number of serious neurological sequelae. One of the commonest organs involved in birth asphyxia is brain which may lead to a syndrome of clinical manifestation called Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE). Aims: To find out possible maternal and neonatal risk factors for Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy, to analyze clinical presentations and outcome of HIE in asphyxiated newborns. Methods: Hospital based observational study was carried out among fifty newborns with Apgar score less than 7 at 1 minute of life admitted in Nepalgunj Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kohalpur, Banke. Results: The incidence of birth asphyxia and birth asphyxia with HIE were 37.2 per 1000 live births and 14 per 1000 live births with male: female ratio of 1.27:1. Most of the neonates 22(44%) were in HIE stage II. Meconium stained amniotic fluid 18 (36%) was the most common intrapartum risk factor followed by maternal use of intrapartum medications 14 (28%), Premature Rupture of Membrane (PROM) 8 (16%), prolonged labor 5 (10%) and obstructed labor 6 (12%). Four (8%) asphyxiated neonates with HIE had cord prolapse and 7 (14%) had cord around the neck. The most common resuscitation done was bag and mask ventilation (56%) (P<0.05). Majority of the studied neonates were of normal birth weight (76%) and head circumference (84%) (P<0.05) with clinical presentations of respiratory distress (88%), seizures (44%), apnea (22%), bradycardia (8%), tachycardia (6%) and bulged anterior fontanel (6%). The overall mortality of neonates with HIE was 20% of which most were of HIE stage III. Conclusion: Certain measures could be taken to prevent birth asphyxia: early detection and intervention of high risk pregnancy, prompt and effective resuscitation of asphyxiates newborns.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-36
Author(s):  
Sheryl Yanger
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
The Third ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Scene Investigation

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the third leading cause of infant mortality in the United States. SIDS is defined as the sudden death of an infant younger than age 1 year that cannot be explained after a thorough investigation, including autopsy, scene investigation, and clinical history. Despite research and advances in understanding of SIDS, it remains a diagnosis of exclusion after ruling out accidental causes such as suffocation/strangulation and cardiac, infectious, metabolic, or traumatic etiologies. Although the exact pathogenesis is unknown, a working model of SIDS includes a combination of exogenous factors, such as overbundling, prone sleep position, and airway obstruction, and intrinsic factors such as immature cardiorespiratory or arousal systems.

Neurobiology of Intrauterine Opiate and Cocaine Exposure

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harolyn M.E. Belcher ◽  
Samantha Hutchison
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Fetal Distress ◽  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Cocaine Exposure ◽  
Prenatal Infections ◽  
The Individual

Drug abuse results from a complex interplay among the drug, the individual and the socio-cultural environment. Current pain reliever, heroin, and OxyContin® use is reported in 0.9% (n = 19,000), 0.2% (n = 4,000), and 0.1% (n = 3,000), respectively, of pregnant women in the United States each year. Cocaine use was reported in 0.2% of pregnant women. Intrauterine drug exposure to opiates is associated with risk for narcotic abstinence syndrome, prenatal infections, and sudden infant death. Illicit drug use during pregnancy also places the mother-to-be at risk for reduced prenatal care, obstetric complications, including abruption placentae, prolonged rupture of membranes, and fetal distress. This chapter focuses on the neurobiological effects of intrauterine opiate and cocaine exposure on the developing fetus.

scholarly journals Ambient Temperature and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in the United States

Epidemiology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 728-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iny Jhun ◽  
Douglas A. Mata ◽  
Francesco Nordio ◽  
Mihye Lee ◽  
Joel Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sudden Infant
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