scholarly journals Growth, winter preparations and timing of emergence in temperate zone Odonata: control by a succession of larval response patterns

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Ulf Norling
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Proximate Mechanisms ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Regulatory Development ◽  
Seasonal Regulation ◽  
Important Time

As warm-adapted insects of tropical origin, Odonata cope with cold periods by seasonal regulation and diapause. A model for larval-overwintering species is proposed with three response patterns related to the timing of emergence, which can be predicted from seasonal cues during the last few stadia. For emergence during the present season, there is an often time-constrained preemergence development, accelerated by long days and higher temperatures. In regulatory development, emergence is postponed to the next season, and a complex of diapause-like delays controlled by photoperiod and temperature prevents premature emergence. Instead, development converges on a winter diapause in sizes suitable for emergence during the following year. Long days are particularly delaying, and thermal responses are variable, sometimes inverted. In early development, with rapid growth, emergence is usually not predicted to season, but short-day winter diapauses may occur, and precocious preparations for a penultimate winter may be predictive. Thermal responses are steep, extremely so if a short-day diapause is suppressed by higher temperatures. Other physiological and also behavioural properties may differ between response patterns. Changes in photoperiod and temperature control the timing of seasonal events, and the transition from regulatory to pre-emergence development follows the increase in temperature and photoperiod after winter, which is an important time-setter. Interactions of larval size, photoperiod, temperature and previous changes affect development rate, and long-term constant conditions often end in regulatory diapauses. Proximate mechanisms of cohort splitting and the implications of the model for design and interpretation of experiments are discussed.

RADT-05. PROSPECTIVE LONG-TERM EVALUATION OF MRI- AND CLINICAL CHANGES FOLLOWING STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY FOR BRAIN METASTASES – IS REPEAT SRS A CONSEQUENCE, OR ALSO A CAUSE OF LONG-TERM SURVIVAL?

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. vi41-vi42
Author(s):  
Bente Skeie ◽  
Per Øyvind Enger ◽  
Geir Olve Skeie ◽  
Jan Ingemann Heggdal
Keyword(s):  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Stereotactic Radiosurgery ◽  
Whole Brain Radiotherapy ◽  
Cancer Site ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Primary Cancer ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Cover Ratio ◽  
Primary Cancer Site

Abstract The use of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for brain metastases are increasing. Response assessment is challenging and the clinical significance of radiological response and retreatments are poorly defined. Ninety-seven patients with a total of 406 brain metastases were followed prospectively for 10 years or until death. Volume changes over time and clinical outcome in response to first time SRS and SRS retreatments were analyzed. Tumors grew significantly before (p = 0.004), but shrunk at 1 and 3 months (p = 0.001) following SRS. Four response-patterns of were observed; tumors either continuously reduced in size (A, 62%), pseudo-progressed (PP, B, 13%), temporarily reduced in size (C, 24%), or grew continuously (D, 2%); corresponding to 75% local control (LC) at initial SRS. Predictors for LC were primary cancer site (p = 0.001), tumor volume (p = 0.002) and target cover ratio (p = 0.005). Subsequent SRS for new lesions resulted in 94% LC (87% A) and repeat-SRS for local failures in 80% LC (57% B), predicted by higher prescribed dose, p = 0.001 and p = 0.042, respectively. Overall survival was only 4.5 months if A-response for all lesions, 13.3 months if at least one B-response, 17.1 months if retreated C- or D-response (p < 0.001), (7.5 and 4.7 months if untreated). Quality of life (p = 0.003), steroid use (p = 0.019) and prior whole brain radiotherapy (p = 0.026) were predictors for survival. There are 4 response patterns to SRS predicted by tumor size, primary cancer site, target cover ratio and prescribed dose. Long-term survivors experienced a higher incidence of PP and were more often retreated for new lesions and local failures. The immune response induced by PP seems beneficial but further studies are needed.

A Review of Soviet Economic Progress

1959 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Soviet Economy ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Pig Iron ◽  
Wide Margin ◽  
Economic Progress

In 1946, when the Soviet economy was still suffering acutely from war damage, Stalin addressed a meeting in Moscow and announced some long-term economic targets : the aim, he said, was to treble the 1940 output of basic industries, and in particular to reach an output of 50 million tons of pig-iron, 60 million tons of steel and 60 million tons of oil. ‘This will take three five-year plans, or maybe longer’, he said, suggesting that he hoped to reach these goals in the early 1960s. Ambitious as his targets seemed at the time, they will in fact probably be exceeded by 1960—in the case of oil by a very wide margin. The period from 1946 to 1956 was one of exceptionally rapid growth. In the first years, the restoration of war-damaged productive capacity and reparations deliveries helped, but progress continued to be very rapid during the fifth five-year plan (1951–1956), when these factors were no longer important.

Mega infrastructure developments in Macao in light of increasing tourism and regional mobility

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Cheng Ni
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Regional Mobility ◽  
The Pearl River ◽  
Historic City ◽  
The City

Purpose This paper aims to provide a general review of the massive infrastructures now being developed in Macao and its surrounding area from a transportation and mobility perspective. The purpose of the paper is to highlight how rapid growth in tourism and regional mobility can transform and integrate a small historic city like Macao as part of its larger neighbours. In so doing, the paper raises important questions about the cultural nature and identity of Macao. Design/methodology/approach The paper provides a geographic description of major projects and trends in regional mobility of residents and visitors in the study’s coverage area (the Pearl River Delta), drawing principally from several technical reports and studies in which the author took part. Findings The massive mega infrastructures now being developed in and around Macao provide better and closer integration with its neighbours and will likely enhance the efficiency of travel to and from the city. However, this may forever alter the nature of the city and its inhabitants. Originality/value The paper provides a critical exposé of infrastructure development associated with and spurred by rapid growth in tourism and regional mobility and raises questions of necessity and the long-term transformation such massive changes bring to tourist cities and its residents.

"3 Steps 4 Health" in survivorship.

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. e273-e273
Author(s):  
Ann Fonfa ◽  
Helayne Waldman
Keyword(s):  
Health Program ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Patient Advocates ◽  
Important Time ◽  
Correct Path ◽  
Risk Of Treatment

e273 Background: As patient advocates we have spent years gathering and sharing information about simple, natural strategies to reduce risk of treatment-related toxicities and strengthen the immune system in survivorship. Sadly it is well known that many suffer long-term toxicities and are at higher risk for secondary cancers. Survivorship plans are created to help people move forward with their lives; we suggest the “3 Steps 4 Health” program as an addition. Methods: We created a simple 3-step program that absolutely anyone with cancer can incorporate into their own healthful protocol as they move into complete recovery. Since it involves no tools and can be used at the level that an individual is at the time they start, we consider it appropriate for all. Further, we cannot see any objection from the oncologist or staff members. Step 1: Eat one more fruit and one more vegetable every day. This is helpful since studies show few Americans are getting enough fruits or vegetables. The National Cancer Institute considers “Five a Day” a minimum. We want to get people started on the correct path simply and easily. Step 2: Take a walk around the room or neighborhood depending on ability and health status. This has been shown by many studies to help anyone with cancer, undergoing treatment, or in recovery. We are not asking people to become athletes; we are involving them in a plan to improve their health. Step 3:Seven deep breaths in a stressful situation or at bedtime. This step is important to reduce stress and encourage relaxation. Results: As patient advocates, we conduct no research; we scour journals for studies supporting our evidence-based concept. There are now many studies showing the value of one or more of the three steps. Rarely does research examine the concept as a whole. We believe this will occur soon. Conclusions: Every step moves people forward into better health. We believe taking these first steps will lead to more healthful behaviors, better ability to handle conventional cancer treatments, and an easier recovery. In this era of interest in immune response, it makes perfect sense for each individual to strive to be their personal best. Clearly, the “3 Steps 4 Health” program is a beginning at an important time for those who have survived cancer. We will share some of the studies that led us to this position.

Patterns of long-term and short-term responses in adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a completer cohort of 12 weeks or more with atomoxetine

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1011-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Sobanski ◽  
S. Leppämäki ◽  
C. Bushe ◽  
L. Berggren ◽  
M. Casillas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Hierarchical Clustering Methods ◽  
Mixed Modelling ◽  
L1 And L2

AbstractBackgroundAtomoxetine is a well-established pharmacotherapy for adult ADHD. Long-term studies show incremental reductions in symptoms over time. However, clinical experience suggests that patients differ in their response patterns.MethodsFrom 13 Eli Lilly-sponsored studies, we pooled and analyzed data for adults with ADHD who completed atomoxetine treatment at long-term (24 weeks; n = 1443) and/or short-term (12 weeks; n = 2830) time-points, and had CAARS-Inv:SV total and CGI-S data up to or after these time-points and at Week 0 (i.e. at baseline, when patients first received atomoxetine). The goal was to identify and describe distinct trajectories of response to atomoxetine using hierarchical clustering methods and linear mixed modelling.ResultsBased on the homogeneity of changes in CAARS-Inv:SV total scores, 5 response clusters were identified for patients who completed long-term (24 weeks) treatment with atomoxetine, and 4 clusters were identified for patients who completed short-term (12 weeks) treatment. Four of the 5 long-term clusters (comprising 95% of completer patients) showed positive trajectories: 2 faster responding clusters (L1 and L2), and 2 more gradually responding clusters (L3 and L4). Responses (i.e. ≥ 30% reduction in CAARS-Inv:SV total score, and CGI-S score ≤ 3) were observed at 8 and 24 weeks in 80% and 95% of completers in Cluster L1, versus 5% and 48% in Cluster L4.ConclusionsWhile many adults with ADHD responded relatively rapidly to atomoxetine, others responded more gradually without a clear plateau at 24 weeks. Longer-term treatment may be associated with greater numbers of responders.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of the inheritance of a high development rate in the Rimax and Rico lines of spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 182 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
B. V. Rigin ◽  
Е. V. Zuev ◽  
А. S. Andreeva ◽  
I. I. Matvienko ◽  
Z. S. Pyzhenkova
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Spring Bread Wheat ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Ctab Method ◽  
Early Ripening

Background. Development of early-ripening spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars is an important task for Russian breeders. Knowledge of the genetics of ultraearly varieties – sources of valuable genes that determine an earlier-maturing type of plant development –will be used to work out methods for obtaining source material for breeding.Materials and methods. The ultra-early lines Rico (k65588, var. erythrospermum Koern.) and Rimax (k-67257, var. lutescens (Alef.) Mansf.), and cvs. ‘Max’ (k-57181, var. lutescens) and ‘Leningradskaya 6’ (k-64900, var. lutescens) were studied. Alleles of the Vrn and Ppd genes were identified by PCR according to known publications, and genomic DNA was isolated from 3-day-old seedlings by the CTAB method.Results. In the environments of Northwest Russia, the Rimax and Rico lines are characterized by the highest rate of development before heading among the spring wheat accessions from the VIR collection. In the Rimax and Rico genotypes, the Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1 and Ppd-D1 genes were found. Genotypes with different alleles of Ppd-D1 and Vrn-B1 were identified in the Rimax line. Under conditions of a long day (18 hours), in the population of F2  (F3 ) Rico × Rimax hybrids, the ratio of phenotypes with a high development rate to all others was observed as 1 : 15 (χ2 1: 15 = 0.64). Under a short day (12 hours), 5 clearly tested groups were identified in F2 with the ratio 1 : 4 : 6 : 4 : 1 (χ2  = 3.03; χ2 0.05 = 9.48), which indicates the manifestation of cumulative polymerization.Conclusion. Each of the Rimax and Rico lines has two pairs of independent duplicated genes that determine a high development rate. Under short-day conditions, these genes can interact like cumulative polymers. The Rimax and Rico lines, due to their high development rate, are valuable source material to be used in breeding for earliness.

scholarly journals Programming effects of peripubertal stress on spatial learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tzanoulinou ◽  
E. Gantelet ◽  
C. Sandi ◽  
C. Marquez
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Corticosterone Response ◽  
Important Time ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractExposure to adversity during early life can have profound influences on brain function and behavior later in life. The peripubertal period is emerging as an important time-window of susceptibility to stress, with substantial evidence documenting long-term consequences in the emotional and social domains. However, little is known about how stress during this period impacts subsequent cognitive functioning. Here, we assessed potential long-term effects of peripubertal stress on spatial learning and memory using the water maze task. In addition, we interrogated whether individual differences in stress-induced behavioral and endocrine changes are related to the degree of adaptation of the corticosterone response to repeated stressor exposure during the peripubertal period. We found that, when tested at adulthood, peripubertally stressed animals displayed a slower learning rate. Strikingly, the level of spatial orientation in the water maze completed on the last training day was predicted by the degree of adaptation of the recovery -and not the peak-of the corticosterone response to stressor exposure (i.e., plasma levels at 60 min post-stressor) across the peripubertal stress period. In addition, peripubertal stress led to changes in emotional and glucocorticoid reactivity to novelty exposure, as well as in the expression levels of the plasticity molecule PSA-NCAM in the hippocampus. Importantly, by assessing the same endpoints in another peripubertally stressed cohort tested during adolescence, we show that the observed effects at adulthood are the result of a delayed programming manifested at adulthood and not protracted effects of stress. Altogether, our results support the view that the degree of stress-induced adaptation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness at the important transitional period of puberty relates to the long-term programming of cognition, behavior and endocrine reactivity.

scholarly journals Climate change and plant reproduction: trends and drivers of mast seeding change

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1839) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Hacket-Pain ◽  
Michał Bogdziewicz
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Mast Seeding ◽  
Ecosystem Impacts ◽  
Proximate Mechanisms ◽  
Proximate Factors ◽  
Global Vegetation ◽  
Term Response ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Climate change is reshaping global vegetation through its impacts on plant mortality, but recruitment creates the next generation of plants and will determine the structure and composition of future communities. Recruitment depends on mean seed production, but also on the interannual variability and among-plant synchrony in seed production, the phenomenon known as mast seeding. Thus, predicting the long-term response of global vegetation dynamics to climate change requires understanding the response of masting to changing climate. Recently, data and methods have become available allowing the first assessments of long-term changes in masting. Reviewing the literature, we evaluate evidence for a fingerprint of climate change on mast seeding and discuss the drivers and impacts of these changes. We divide our discussion into the main characteristics of mast seeding: interannual variation, synchrony, temporal autocorrelation and mast frequency. Data indicate that masting patterns are changing but the direction of that change varies, likely reflecting the diversity of proximate factors underlying masting across taxa. Experiments to understand the proximate mechanisms underlying masting, in combination with the analysis of long-term datasets, will enable us to understand this observed variability in the response of masting. This will allow us to predict future shifts in masting patterns, and consequently ecosystem impacts of climate change via its impacts on masting. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The ecology and evolution of synchronized seed production in plants’.

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