scholarly journals Intercensal and Postcensal Estimation of Population Size for Small Geographic Areas in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Wang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Program Planning ◽  
Population Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Decennial Census ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Census Block ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Block Level ◽  
Population Sizes

IntroductionPopulation estimation techniques are often used to provide updated data for a current year. However,estimates for small geographic units, such as census tracts in the United States, are typically notavailable. Yet there are growing demands from local policy making, program planning and evaluationpractitioners for such data because small area population estimates are more useful than those forlarger geographic areas. ObjectivesTo estimate the population sizes at the census block level by subgroups (age, sex, and race/ethnicity)so that the population data can be aggregated up to any target small geographic areas. MethodsWe estimated the population sizes by subgroups at the census block level using an intercensal ap-proach for years between 2000 and 2010 and a postcensal approach for the years following the2010 decennial census (2011-2017). Then we aggregated the data to the county level (intercensalapproach) and incorporated place level (postcensal approach) and compared our estimates to corre-sponding US Census Bureau (the Census) estimates. ResultsOverall, our intercensal estimates were close to the Census’ population estimates at the countylevel for the years 2000-2010; yet there were substantive errors in counties where population sizesexperienced sudden changes. Our postcensal estimates were also close to the Census’ populationestimates at the incorporated place level for years closer to the 2010 decennial census. ConclusionsThe approaches presented here can be used to estimate population sizes for any small geographicareas based on census blocks. The advantages and disadvantages of their application in public healthpractice should be considered.

Part-Time Residency Training

1981 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 484-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Fisman ◽  
Lynne Ginsburg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Career Development ◽  
Residency Training ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Royal College ◽  
The United States ◽  
Women Physicians ◽  
Psychiatry Residents ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Part Time

The development of part-time training in the United States and Canada is described. The flexibility required for young women physicians who attempt to combine childbearing and career development, together with the increasing number of women entering medicine, underlines the importance of part-time training schedules. A variety of flexible training options have been defined and a set of guidelines has been produced by the Canadian Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons. The experiences of part-time psychiatry residents at Queen's University, Kingston is presented. Thus far this has involved a total of six residents over a four year period, including the authors of this paper. The advantages and disadvantages, viewed from both the resident and system viewpoint, are discussed.

The United States Navy “Standard Day” for Marine Gas Turbines

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hartranft ◽  
Bruce Thompson ◽  
Dan Groghan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
United States Navy ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Jet Engines ◽  
Jet Engine ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Power Capability

Following the successful development of aircraft jet engines during World War II (WWII), the United States Navy began exploring the advantages of gas turbine engines for ship and boat propulsion. Early development soon focused on aircraft derivative (aero derivative) gas turbines for use in the United States Navy (USN) Fleet rather than engines developed specifically for marine and industrial applications due to poor results from a few of the early marine and industrial developments. Some of the new commercial jet engine powered aircraft that had emerged at the time were the Boeing 707 and the Douglas DC-8. It was from these early aircraft engine successes (both commercial and military) that engine cores such as the JT4-FT4 and others became available for USN ship and boat programs. The task of adapting the jet engine to the marine environment turned out to be a substantial task because USN ships were operated in a completely different environment than that of aircraft which caused different forms of turbine corrosion than that seen in aircraft jet engines. Furthermore, shipboard engines were expected to perform tens of thousands of hours before overhaul compared with a few thousand hours mean time between overhaul usually experienced in aircraft applications. To address the concerns of shipboard applications, standards were created for marine gas turbine shipboard qualification and installation. One of those standards was the development of a USN Standard Day for gas turbines. This paper addresses the topic of a Navy Standard Day as it relates to the introduction of marine gas turbines into the United States Navy Fleet and why it differs from other rating approaches. Lastly, this paper will address examples of issues encountered with early requirements and whether current requirements for the Navy Standard Day should be changed. Concerning other rating approaches, the paper will also address the issue of using an International Organization for Standardization, that is, an International Standard Day. It is important to address an ISO STD DAY because many original equipment manufacturers and commercial operators prefer to rate their aero derivative gas turbines based on an ISO STD DAY with no losses. The argument is that the ISO approach fully utilizes the power capability of the engine. This paper will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the ISO STD DAY approach and how the USN STD DAY approach has benefitted the USN. For the future, with the advance of engine controllers and electronics, utilizing some of the features of an ISO STD DAY approach may be possible while maintaining the advantages of the USN STD DAY.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF AMERICAN AND SOVIET WOMEN REPORTERS IN COVERING WORLD WAR II: SPECIFICS OF COVERAGE OF MILITARY ISSUES IN 20th CENTURY JOURNALISM

World Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (11(51)) ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Tsitsino Bukia ◽  
Nana Parinos
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Women Journalists ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Absolutely Closed

A war correspondent has no border, no gender, no religion or race. The only thing a war reporter has - the skills of delivering truth, reflection of the reality in the way it is.The soviet space was absolutely closed to journalism and combat women journalists’ involvement in wars. The field almost consisted of males. Consequently, it seems impossible to analyze and compare the technique of writing of American and SovietWomen. If America freely accepts women for being actively involved in covering war activities, the Soviets obviously refused to do so.The role of a war correspondent is much bigger than one can suppose. Being a war reporter is more than implementing their responsibilities. It goes deeper into the history. A professional combat reporter is a historian facing the history and keeping it for the next generation.The paper considers advantages and disadvantages of being a female combat correspondent in the Soviet space and the United States of America.The role of American and Soviet women reporters in covering WWII.

Program planning with Tobit analysis—the United States food stamp case

1980 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
J.E. Epperson ◽  
M.R. Holmes ◽  
C.L. Huang ◽  
W.K. Scearce
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Program Planning ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Stamp ◽  
Tobit Analysis ◽  
United States Food ◽  
States Food

Refugee Resettlement and Macro Practice in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odessa Gonzalez Benson ◽  
Karin Wachter ◽  
Cherra Mathis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Community Organizing ◽  
Program Planning ◽  
The United States ◽  
Refugee Resettlement ◽  
Participatory Approaches ◽  
Macro Practice ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Beginnings ◽  
Macro Social Work

Resettlement-related macro practice reflects a complicated history of immigration and refugee resettlement in the United States, as well as international and domestic policies that shape opportunities and services available to refugees who resettle through these mechanisms. Four intersecting domains of resettlement macro practice are (a) community organizing and community development, (b) advocacy, (c) policy analysis and development, and (d) community-centered management and program planning. To engage meaningfully in macro social work requires a grasp of the history and policies that drive decision-making of individual practitioners and shape the experiences of people resettling to the United States in search of safety and new beginnings. Research and participatory approaches are integral to resettlement macro practice to ensure refugee communities are at the center of all efforts to inform structural and systemic change.

An evaluation of warranty contracting in the United States of America

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Emre Bayraktar ◽  
Qingbin Cui ◽  
Makarand Hastak ◽  
Issam Minkarah
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Department Of Transportation ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Contract Administration ◽  
State Highway ◽  
Early Failures ◽  
State Highway Agencies

It is believed that warranty contracting would benefit state highway agencies by improving quality, saving money and time, and encouraging contractors' innovations. However, the challenges associated with warranties could be substantial, including higher costs, early failures, a reduction or even elimination of small contractors from the bidding process, and an increase in contract disputes and litigation. The actual impact of warranty provisions on state Department of Transportation (DOT) projects in the United States of America is still unclear because of limited industry experience. This paper provides a detailed discussion of warranty provisions and the benefits and problems associated with the subject matter. The advantages and disadvantages of warranty provisions are evaluated from the conflicting perspectives of state Departments of Transportation (DOTs), contractors, and surety companies. The future prospects of warranty provisions are established based on the findings of a recent study of warranty provisions and existing literature. Also, several options are proposed that have a strong potential to improve the application of warranties on DOT projects.Key words: warranties, highway construction, innovation, highway maintenance, contract administration, construction costs, construction inspection.

scholarly journals Racial Dot Maps Based on Dasymetrically Modeled Gridded Population Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Dmowska ◽  
Tomasz F. Stepinski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Random Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Grid Data ◽  
Population Grid ◽  
Grid Based

Racial geography, mapping spatial distributions of different racial groups, is of keen interest in a multiracial society like the United States. A racial dot map is a method of visualizing racial geography, which depicts spatial distribution, population density, and racial mix in a single, easy-to-understand map. Because of the richness of information it carries, the dot map is an excellent tool for visual analysis of racial distribution. Presently-used racial dot maps are based on the Census data at the tract or the block level. In this paper, we present a method of constructing a more spatially-accurate racial dot map based on a sub-block-resolution population grid. The utility of our dot maps is further enhanced by placing dots on the map in random order regardless of the race they represent in order to achieve a more accurate depiction of local racial composition. We present a series of comparisons between dot maps based on tract, block, and grid data. The advantage of a grid-based dot map is evident from the visual comparison of all maps with an actual image of the mapped area. We make available the R code for constructing grid-based dot maps. We also make available 2010 grid-based racial dot maps for all counties in the conterminous United States.

Population Data for Four Population Groups from the United States for the Eleven Y-Chromosome STR Loci Recommended by SWGDAM

2006 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 700-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaiprakash G. Shewale ◽  
Anurag Bhushan ◽  
Huma Nasir ◽  
Elaine Schneida ◽  
Brandi Washington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Population Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Str Loci ◽  
Y Chromosome Str
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