scholarly journals Os valores geoéticos e a relutância na consideração de novas ideias: o caso da Deriva Continental de Wegener

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 685-694
Author(s):  
Alexandra Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Continental Drift ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Educational Resource ◽  
Keywords History Of Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
Integral Development ◽  
Explanatory Mechanism ◽  
Case Based

Resumo A Deriva Continental de Wegener surge num período em que o imobilismo e o contracionismo geológicos eram as ideias maioritariamente aceites no que diz respeito à interpretação da história da Terra. A hipótese de Wegener, contrária às referidas teorias, desencadeou uma das maiores controvérsias da história das geociências. Na primeira metade do século XVIII, a falta de um mecanismo explicativo dos movimentos horizontais da crusta foi a crítica mais recorrente ao seu trabalho. No entanto, tal não justifica totalmente a desconsideração da hipótese de Wegener pela maior parte da comunidade científica da época. Ideias inovadoras e revolucionárias, como as que caracterizam a Deriva Continental, são, geralmente, acompanhadas de reações de preconceito e rejeição. Estas reações, documentadas diversas vezes ao longo da história da ciência, afiguram-se como barreiras difíceis de ultrapassar, afetando o desenvolvimento científico. Atualmente, encontram-se em estudo uma série de valores geoéticos que deverão pautar a conduta dos geocientistas no exercício da sua profissão e que incluem a compreensão e respeito pelas diferentes ideias dos pares. No presente trabalho, desenvolveu-se um recurso educativo, segundo a metodologia de ensino baseado em casos, com a pretensão de contribuir para a compreensão do caráter provisório da ciência e para a consciencialização acerca dos valores geoéticos que devem estar na base de um íntegro desenvolvimento das geociências. Palavras-chave: história da ciência; geoética; ensino baseado em casos. Abstract Wegener's Continental Drift arises at a time when geological immobilism and contractionism were the most widely accepted ideas regarding the interpretation of Earth's history. Wegener's hypothesis, contrary to these theories, unleashed one of the biggest controversies in the history of geosciences. In the first half of the eighteenth century, the lack of an explanatory mechanism for the horizontal movements of the crust was the most recurrent criticism concerning his work. However, this does not fully justify the disregard of Wegener's hypothesis by most of the scientific community at the time. Innovative and revolutionary ideas, such as those that characterize the Continental Drift, are usually accompanied by reactions of prejudice and rejection. These reactions, documented several times throughout the history of science, appear as barriers that are difficult to overcome, affecting scientific development. Currently, several geoethical values that should guide the conduct of the geoscientists in the exercise of their profession are being studied and they include the understanding and respect for the different ideas of others. In the present work, an educational resource has been developed, according to the methodology of case-based teaching, with the aim of contributing to the understanding of the provisional nature of science and to the awareness of the geoethical values that must be the basis of an integral development of geosciences. Keywords: history of science; geoethics; case-based teaching

scholarly journals Integrar a história da ciência na sala de aula através de um caso: o papel de Lyell no desenvolvimento dos trabalhos de Darwin

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 52-62
Author(s):  
Tiago Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Teaching Methodology ◽  
Educational Resource ◽  
Holistic Thinking ◽  
Human Scale ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Principles Of Geology

Resumo No século XIX, o desenvolvimento científico ficou marcado por uma grande restruturação concetual: a perceção da existência de um longo período de tempo, anterior e independente à presença do Homem na Terra. Os trabalhos de Lyell foram particularmente responsáveis pela evolução desta corrente ideológica. Este uniformitarista, através da observação de pequenas mudanças terrestres subtis à escala humana (mas expressivas quando analisadas à luz de milhões de anos), contribuiu para compreensão dos fenómenos geológicos. Contudo, esta ideologia não se refletiu apenas na geologia. Quando Darwin, em 1831, partiu no Beagle, tinha consigo o livro “Principles of Geology” de Lyell. Sensibilizado pelas suas ideias, e consciente das transformações graduais do planeta, Darwin desenvolveu várias noções que viriam a ser incluídas no evolucionismo. As ideias de Lyell, articuladas com uma escala geológica ao invés de histórica, foram preponderantes para a existência de um “outro” tempo coerente com a transmutação das espécies. O uniformitarismo foi, então, basilar para a criação de um contexto favorável à recetividade da teoria de Darwin, evidenciando a importância de um pensamento interdisciplinar e holístico na ciência. Pretende-se, neste trabalho, reforçar a relevância deste tipo de pensamento no ensino das ciências naturais. Para tal, elaborou-se um recurso educativo, segundo a metodologia de ensino baseado em casos, com a finalidade de facilitar a inclusão da história da ciência no ensino. Palavras-chave: Uniformitarismo, Evolucionismo, História da Ciência. Abstract In the nineteenth century, scientific development was marked by a great conceptual restructuring: the perception of the existence of a long time, prior and independent to the presence of Man on Earth. Lyell's works were particularly responsible for the evolution of this ideological current. Lyell, through the observation of subtle Earth changes on the human scale (but expressive when analysed in the enlightenment of millions of years), contributed to understanding geological phenomena. However, this ideology was not only reflected in geology. When Darwin, in 1831, embarked on the Beagle, he had the Lyell's book "Principles of Geology". Induced by his ideas, and conscious of the gradual transformations of the planet, Darwin developed several notions that were included in the evolutionism. Lyell's ideas, articulated with a geological rather than a historical scale, were preeminent for the existence of an "other" time consistent with the transmutation of species. The uniformitarianism was, then, essential for the creation of a context favourable to the receptivity of Darwin’s theory, evidencing the importance of an interdisciplinary and holistic thinking in the science. In this work, it is intent to reinforce the relevance of this type of thinking in the natural sciences’ teaching. Thus, an educational resource was elaborated, according to the case-based teaching methodology, with the purpose of facilitating the inclusion of the history of science in teaching process. Keywords: Uniformitarianism, Evolutionism, History of Science.

scholarly journals ELECTRO METALLURGICA BRASILEIRA: HISTÓRIA DA CIÊNCIA E DA TÉCNICA COMO OBJETO DE ESTUDO E DE ENSINO

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 330-344
Author(s):  
Marcelo Luis de Brino ◽  
Pedro Wagner Gonçalves ◽  
Daniel Ferraz Chiozzini ◽  
Natalina Aparecida Laguna Sicca
Keyword(s):  
Science Teaching ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Industrial Technology ◽  
Curricular Integration ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
The Past ◽  
Keywords History Of Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
Coffee Farmers

Resumo Este trabalho considera a História da Ciência como campo multidimensional que pode contribuir para interconectar diferentes disciplinas por meio da integração curricular. O ponto de partida do ensino e da aprendizagem contextualizados foi a história da Electro Metallurgica Brasileira, foi um empreendimento que reuniu cafeicultores e ações governamentais para criar uma siderúrgica em Ribeirão Preto, interior de São Paulo na década de 1920. A história dessa usina mostra os desafios e as tomadas de decisão diante das controvérsias tecnológicas da época quanto ao uso de alto forno elétrico, melhor combustível e redutor (carvão mineral ou vegetal), bem como a localização da siderúrgica. Dois engenheiros (João Pandiá Calógeras e Luis Felipe Gonzaga de Campos) com forte formação geológica e metalúrgica tiveram papel de importante na definição e orientação de políticas de desenvolvimento industrial mas divergiam quanto às melhores opções para criar a siderurgia nacional. A discussão dessas controvérsias ajuda a compreender que o desenvolvimento científico não é progressivo, nem linear embora esteja vinculado a necessidades tecnológicas e econômicas. Palavras-chave: História da Ciência, Ensino de Ciências, História da Técnica, siderurgia, História do Brasil AbstractHistory of science is a multidimensional area of knowledge in order to connect different disciplines upon a curricular integration. The point of start to situate the teaching and the learning is the technological history of the iron and steel enterprise of Ribeirao Preto steelworks happened in 1920’s years. The coffee farmers and government authorities promoted the effort to create the steelworks in the county of the country. The challenge was to choose by the kind of industrial technology. That time, researchers disagreed about the place, the technique, the kind of fuel which would be used with better utility. Two engineers with a strong geological and metallurgical formation exemplified the technological controversies: João Pandiá Calógeras and Luis Felipe Gonzaga de Campos. They advocated differently on electrical furnace, kind of steel conversor, as well as the place of the enterprise. The main findings shows up the history of science helps to understand the challenges of the past and the controversial side of scientific development. Keywords: history of science, teaching of sciences, history of technic, iron manufacture, history of Brazil

Reframing the Sciences of the Long Eighteenth Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
Giuliano Pancaldi
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Science Policy ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Eighteenth Century ◽  
Past Half

Here I survey a sample of the essays and reviews on the sciences of the long eighteenth century published in this journal since it was founded in 1969. The connecting thread is some historiographic reflections on the role that disciplines—in both the sciences we study and the fields we practice—have played in the development of the history of science over the past half century. I argue that, as far as disciplines are concerned, we now find ourselves a bit closer to a situation described in our studies of the long eighteenth century than we were fifty years ago. This should both favor our understanding of that period and, hopefully, make the historical studies that explore it more relevant to present-day developments and science policy. This essay is part of a special issue entitled “Looking Backward, Looking Forward: HSNS at 50,” edited by Erika Lorraine Milam.

Between History and Nature

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anik Waldow
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Scientific Models ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Hermeneutic Philosophy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
The Way

From within the philosophy of history and history of science alike, attention has been paid to Herder’s naturalist commitment and especially to the way in which his interest in medicine, anatomy, and biology facilitates philosophically significant notions of force, organism, and life. As such, Herder’s contribution is taken to be part of a wider eighteenth-century effort to move beyond Newtonian mechanism and the scientific models to which it gives rise. In this scholarship, Herder’s hermeneutic philosophy—as it grows out of his engagement with poetry, drama, and both literary translation and literary documentation projects—has received less attention. Taking as its point of departure Herder’s early work, this chapter proposes that, in his work on literature, Herder formulates an anthropologically sensitive approach to the human sciences that has still not received the attention it deserves.

scholarly journals KATEGORIALE SAMLINGER: Eller hvordan man fik indført en vis orden i universet i det 18. århundredes

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Winther Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vantage Points

Following the zoologists of eighteenthcentury Britain from the field to the study this article investigates how animals were categorised in the grand taxonomic systems of the day. The article analyses the epistemological, social and cosmological underpinnings of this particular kind of classificatory collections, showing both how the notions of specimens, species, genera, orders and classes of the taxonomic systems as well as the methods of categorisation were culturally framed, and how the categorisation of animals entailed a categorisation of humans well. The article hence deals with the categorial collections of eighteenth-century zoology from the vantage points of both a history of science and an anthropology of the “totemic” perspective.  

Retrospectives: History of science in France

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-695
Author(s):  
JONATHAN SIMON
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Personal View ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Italian Science ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Secure Place

Although maybe not the most fashionable area of study today, French science has a secure place in the classical canon of the history of science. Like the Scientific Revolution and Italian science at the beginning of the seventeenth century, French science, particularly eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century French science, remains a safe, albeit conservative, bet in terms of history-of-science teaching and research. The classic trope of the passage of the flame of European science from Italy to Britain and France in the seventeenth and then eighteenth centuries is well established in overviews of the field. Specializing in research in this area is not, therefore, unreasonable as a career choice if you are aiming for a history-of-science position in Europe or even in the US. The Académie (royale) des sciences, with its state-sponsored model of collective research, provides a striking counterpoint to the amateur, more individualistic functioning of London's Royal Society – a foretaste of modernity in the institutionalization of science. Clearly naive, such a representation of French science serves as a good initial framework on which to hang half a century of critical historical research. If proof of the continued interest for eighteenth-century French science is needed, we can cite the Web-based project around Diderot and d'Alembert's Encyclopédie currently in progress under the auspices of the French Academy of Sciences. The large number of publications in the history of French science (in English as well as French) make it unreasonable to pick out one or two for special attention here. But what about history of science in France and the academic community that practises this discipline today? Here, I offer a very personal view and analysis of this community, trying to underline contrasts with the history of science in the UK and the US.

Gender and the historiography of science

1993 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmilla Jordanova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Historiography Of Science ◽  
Logical Reason ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
Intellectual Maturity

The production of big pictures is arguably the most significant sign of the intellectual maturity of a field. It suggests both that the field's broad contours, refined over several generations of scholarship, enjoy the approval of practitioners, and that audiences exist with an interest in or need for overviews. The situation is somewhat more complicated in the history of science, since the existence of big historical pictures precedes that of a well-defined scholarly field by about two centuries. Broadly conceived histories of science and medicine were being written in the eighteenth century, when such an all-encompassing vision was central to the claims about the progress of knowledge upon which Enlightenment ideologues set such store. The Plato to Nato style histories, characteristic of the earlier twentieth century, were written largely by isolated pioneers, and while these were used in teaching as the field was becoming professionalized, recent scholars have preferred to concentrate on a monographic style of research. Despite the existence of the series started by Wiley, and now published by Cambridge University Press, it is only in the last ten years or so that more conscious attempts have been made to generate a big-picture literature informed by new scholarship. It is noteworthy that most of this is addressed to students and general readers, although there is no logical reason why it should not tackle major theoretical issues of concern to scholars. My point about maturity still holds, then, since as a designated discipline the history of science is rather new; it is still feeling out its relationship with cognate disciplines. Big-picture histories have an important role to play in these explorations since they make findings and ideas widely available and thereby offer material through which ambitious interpretations can be debated, modified and transformed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document