scholarly journals Integrar a história da ciência na sala de aula através de um caso: o papel de Lyell no desenvolvimento dos trabalhos de Darwin

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 52-62
Author(s):  
Tiago Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Teaching Methodology ◽  
Educational Resource ◽  
Holistic Thinking ◽  
Human Scale ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Principles Of Geology

Resumo No século XIX, o desenvolvimento científico ficou marcado por uma grande restruturação concetual: a perceção da existência de um longo período de tempo, anterior e independente à presença do Homem na Terra. Os trabalhos de Lyell foram particularmente responsáveis pela evolução desta corrente ideológica. Este uniformitarista, através da observação de pequenas mudanças terrestres subtis à escala humana (mas expressivas quando analisadas à luz de milhões de anos), contribuiu para compreensão dos fenómenos geológicos. Contudo, esta ideologia não se refletiu apenas na geologia. Quando Darwin, em 1831, partiu no Beagle, tinha consigo o livro “Principles of Geology” de Lyell. Sensibilizado pelas suas ideias, e consciente das transformações graduais do planeta, Darwin desenvolveu várias noções que viriam a ser incluídas no evolucionismo. As ideias de Lyell, articuladas com uma escala geológica ao invés de histórica, foram preponderantes para a existência de um “outro” tempo coerente com a transmutação das espécies. O uniformitarismo foi, então, basilar para a criação de um contexto favorável à recetividade da teoria de Darwin, evidenciando a importância de um pensamento interdisciplinar e holístico na ciência. Pretende-se, neste trabalho, reforçar a relevância deste tipo de pensamento no ensino das ciências naturais. Para tal, elaborou-se um recurso educativo, segundo a metodologia de ensino baseado em casos, com a finalidade de facilitar a inclusão da história da ciência no ensino. Palavras-chave: Uniformitarismo, Evolucionismo, História da Ciência. Abstract In the nineteenth century, scientific development was marked by a great conceptual restructuring: the perception of the existence of a long time, prior and independent to the presence of Man on Earth. Lyell's works were particularly responsible for the evolution of this ideological current. Lyell, through the observation of subtle Earth changes on the human scale (but expressive when analysed in the enlightenment of millions of years), contributed to understanding geological phenomena. However, this ideology was not only reflected in geology. When Darwin, in 1831, embarked on the Beagle, he had the Lyell's book "Principles of Geology". Induced by his ideas, and conscious of the gradual transformations of the planet, Darwin developed several notions that were included in the evolutionism. Lyell's ideas, articulated with a geological rather than a historical scale, were preeminent for the existence of an "other" time consistent with the transmutation of species. The uniformitarianism was, then, essential for the creation of a context favourable to the receptivity of Darwin’s theory, evidencing the importance of an interdisciplinary and holistic thinking in the science. In this work, it is intent to reinforce the relevance of this type of thinking in the natural sciences’ teaching. Thus, an educational resource was elaborated, according to the case-based teaching methodology, with the purpose of facilitating the inclusion of the history of science in teaching process. Keywords: Uniformitarianism, Evolutionism, History of Science.

scholarly journals Os valores geoéticos e a relutância na consideração de novas ideias: o caso da Deriva Continental de Wegener

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 685-694
Author(s):  
Alexandra Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Continental Drift ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Educational Resource ◽  
Keywords History Of Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
Integral Development ◽  
Explanatory Mechanism ◽  
Case Based

Resumo A Deriva Continental de Wegener surge num período em que o imobilismo e o contracionismo geológicos eram as ideias maioritariamente aceites no que diz respeito à interpretação da história da Terra. A hipótese de Wegener, contrária às referidas teorias, desencadeou uma das maiores controvérsias da história das geociências. Na primeira metade do século XVIII, a falta de um mecanismo explicativo dos movimentos horizontais da crusta foi a crítica mais recorrente ao seu trabalho. No entanto, tal não justifica totalmente a desconsideração da hipótese de Wegener pela maior parte da comunidade científica da época. Ideias inovadoras e revolucionárias, como as que caracterizam a Deriva Continental, são, geralmente, acompanhadas de reações de preconceito e rejeição. Estas reações, documentadas diversas vezes ao longo da história da ciência, afiguram-se como barreiras difíceis de ultrapassar, afetando o desenvolvimento científico. Atualmente, encontram-se em estudo uma série de valores geoéticos que deverão pautar a conduta dos geocientistas no exercício da sua profissão e que incluem a compreensão e respeito pelas diferentes ideias dos pares. No presente trabalho, desenvolveu-se um recurso educativo, segundo a metodologia de ensino baseado em casos, com a pretensão de contribuir para a compreensão do caráter provisório da ciência e para a consciencialização acerca dos valores geoéticos que devem estar na base de um íntegro desenvolvimento das geociências. Palavras-chave: história da ciência; geoética; ensino baseado em casos. Abstract Wegener's Continental Drift arises at a time when geological immobilism and contractionism were the most widely accepted ideas regarding the interpretation of Earth's history. Wegener's hypothesis, contrary to these theories, unleashed one of the biggest controversies in the history of geosciences. In the first half of the eighteenth century, the lack of an explanatory mechanism for the horizontal movements of the crust was the most recurrent criticism concerning his work. However, this does not fully justify the disregard of Wegener's hypothesis by most of the scientific community at the time. Innovative and revolutionary ideas, such as those that characterize the Continental Drift, are usually accompanied by reactions of prejudice and rejection. These reactions, documented several times throughout the history of science, appear as barriers that are difficult to overcome, affecting scientific development. Currently, several geoethical values that should guide the conduct of the geoscientists in the exercise of their profession are being studied and they include the understanding and respect for the different ideas of others. In the present work, an educational resource has been developed, according to the methodology of case-based teaching, with the aim of contributing to the understanding of the provisional nature of science and to the awareness of the geoethical values that must be the basis of an integral development of geosciences. Keywords: history of science; geoethics; case-based teaching

scholarly journals The Body of Sound: Sounding out the History of Science

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Schulze
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
The Body ◽  
Western History ◽  
Science History ◽  
Hermann Von Helmholtz ◽  
Material Appearance ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anthropology Of The Senses ◽  
Lower Material

Sound affects and pervades our body in a physical as well as a phenomenological sense: a notion that may sound fairly trivial today. But for a long time in Western history ‘sound’ was no scientific entity. It was looked upon merely as the lower, material appearance of truly higher forces: of more ephemeral, angel-, spirit- or godlike structures – and later of compositional knowledge. To be interested in sound was to be defamed as being unscientific, noncompositional, unmanly. Which steps were taken historically that gradually gave sound the character of a scientific entity? This article moves along recent science history: since the nineteenth century when the physicality of sound and later the corporeality of sonic experiences were first discovered and tentatively described. Exemplary studies from the science history of acoustics, musicology and anthropology of the senses are analysed and restudied – from Hermann von Helmholtz to Michel Serres. Even today, we may ask ourselves: What would an auditorily-founded research be like? Could there be a field of sensory research – via sensing sound?

The History of Science as European Self-Portraiture

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
LORRAINE DASTON
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
World History ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Image ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of

Since the Enlightenment, the history of science has been enlisted to show the unity and distinctiveness of Europe. This paper, written on the occasion of the award of the 2005 Erasmus Prize to historians of science Simon Schaffer and Steven Shapin, traces the intertwined narratives of the history of science and European modernity from the 18th century to the present. Whether understood as triumph or tragedy (and there have been eloquent proponents of both views), the Scientific Revolution has been portrayed as Europe's decisive break with tradition – the first such break in world history and the model for all subsequent epics of modernization in other cultures. The paper concludes with reflections on how a new history of science, exemplified in the work of Shapin and Schaffer, may transform the self-image of Europe and conceptions of truth itself.

scholarly journals The diary of Sir Charles Blagden

1950 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-89 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Considerable Portion ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of

Among the Blagden papers recently acquired by the Royal Society is a considerable portion of the diary of Sir Charles Blagden himself, closely written in difficult handwriting from edge to edge of the paper on hundreds of small sheets. The complete decipherment and transcription of this diary may take a long time, if it is ever done. But it was thought that the Fellows and those engaged in the history of science at the close of the eighteenth century might be interested in a sample of the diary of this man, Secretary of the Royal Society from 1784 to 1797, who was closely associated with many of the persons and events which made those days memorable in the history of science. Even before his appointment to the Secretaryship of the Royal Society, when he was acting as Secretary to Henry Cavendish, it was he who informed Lavoisier in June 1783 that Cavendish had burned inflammable air and obtained water. On this information Lavoisier repeated the experiment and solved the problem of the composition of water.

Art and Science: or Bach as an Expositor of the Bible

1992 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 343-353
Author(s):  
W. R. Ward
Keyword(s):  
East Germany ◽  
The State ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
National Tradition ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Moment

For a long time before dramatic recent events it has been clear that the German Democratic Republic has been in die position, embarrassing to a Marxist system, of having nothing generally marketable left except (to use the jargon) ‘superstructure’. The Luther celebrations conveniendy bolstered the implicit claim of the GDR to embody Saxony’s long-delayed revenge upon Prussia; still more conveniendy, they paid handsomely. Even the Francke celebrations probably paid their way, ruinous though his Orphan House has been allowed to become. When I was in Halle, a hard-pressed government had removed the statue of Handel (originally paid for in part by English subscriptions) for head-to-foot embellishment in gold leaf, and a Handel Festival office in the town was manned throughout the year. Bach is still more crucial, both to the republic’s need to pay its way and to the competition with the Federal Republic for the possession of the national tradition. There is no counterpart in Britain to the strength of the Passion-music tradition in East Germany. The celebrations which reach their peak in Easter Week at St Thomas’s, Leipzig, are like a cross between Wembley and Wimbledon here, the difference being that the black market in tickets is organized by the State for its own benefit. If Bach research in East Germany, based either on musicology or the Church, has remained an industry of overwhelming amplitude and technical complexity, the State has had its own Bach-research collective located in Leipzig, dedicated among other things to establishing the relation between Bach and the Enlightenment, that first chapter in the Marxist history of human liberation. Now that a good proportion of the population of the GDR seems bent on liberation by leaving the republic or sinking it, the moment seems ripe to take note for non-specialist readers of some of what has been achieved there in recent years.

scholarly journals The Roles of Mathematics in the History of Science: The Mathematization Thesis

2020 ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Ciro Tomazella Ferreira ◽  
Cibelle Celestino Silva
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Mathematical Approach ◽  
New Science ◽  
History Of

In this paper, we present an analysis of the evolution of the history of science as a discipline focusing on the role of the mathematization of nature as a historiographical perspective. Our study is centered in the mathematization thesis, which considers the rise of a mathematical approach of nature in the 17th century as being the most relevant event for scientific development. We begin discussing Edmund Husserl whose work, despite being mainly philosophical, is relevant for having affected the emergence of the narrative of the mathematization of nature and due to its influence on Alexandre Koyré. Next, we explore Koyré, Dijksterhuis, and Burtt’s works, the historians from the 20th century responsible for the elaboration of the main narratives about the Scientific Revolution that put the mathematization of science as the protagonist of the new science. Then, we examine the reframing of the mathematization thesis with the narrative of two traditions developed by Thomas S. Kuhn and Richard Westfall, in which the mathematization of nature shares space with other developments taken as equally relevant. We conclude presenting contemporary critical perspectives on the mathematization thesis and its capacity for synthesizing scientific development.

The Problem of Tradition: Teaching Research in the Shadow of the History of Science

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Budd
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Master's Programs ◽  
Research Tradition ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Preliminary Examination ◽  
Teaching Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Constructivist Approaches ◽  
Analyse De Contenu

There is a research tradition that builds heavily upon traditions that began in the early days of the Enlightenment. One manifestation of the tradition is in the search for, and treatment of, evidence. The paper will present a content analysis of the syllabi of research-related courses in ALA-accredited master’s programs, which demonstrates the reliance on the Enlightenment materialist tradition. Preliminary examination suggests reliance on, among other things, behavioristic observations of information seekers and users, cognitive investigation that is limited to eliminativist or reductionist methods, or constructivist approaches that likewise reduce analytical possibilities.Il existe une tradition de recherche dont les fondements remontent au début du siècle des Lumières. Une manifestation de cette tradition se retrouve dans la recherche et dans le traitement de la preuve. Cet article présente une analyse de contenu des plans de cours des cours de recherche enseignés dans le cadre des programmes de maîtrise agréés par l'ALA, démontrant le recours à la tradition matérialiste des Lumières. Un examen préliminaire laisse entendre l'usage notamment d'observations béhavioristes des chercheurs et des utilisateurs d'information, d'investigations cognitives limitées aux méthodes éliminativistes ou réductionnistes ou d'approches constructivistes qui réduisent d'autant les possibilités d'analyse. 

scholarly journals TIME SCALES FOR ACHIEVING ASTRONOMICAL CONSENSUS

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (06) ◽  
pp. 831-856
Author(s):  
VIRGINIA TRIMBLE
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Present Discussion ◽  
Original Idea ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Idea ◽  
The Universe

The history of science can be recounted in many ways: by addressing the work of one person or school; by starting with the ancients and working chronologically up to the present; by focusing on a particular century; or by tracing a particular important idea as far back and forward as it can be found. The present discussion does none of these. Rather, it adopts the ordering of a standard introductory astronomy textbook, from the solar system via stars and galaxies, to the universe as a whole, and in each regime picks out a few issues that were controversial or wrongly decided for a long time. For each, I attempt to identify a duration of the period of uncertainty or error and some of the causes of the confusion. This is surely not an original idea, though I am not aware of having encountered it elsewhere, and it is not one that is likely to appeal to most 21st century historians of science, for whom the question "Who first got it right?" is not necessarily an important, or even appropriate, one. Some of the stories have been told as historical introductions to conferences and are here summarized and brought up to date. Others I had not previously addressed.

scholarly journals ELECTRO METALLURGICA BRASILEIRA: HISTÓRIA DA CIÊNCIA E DA TÉCNICA COMO OBJETO DE ESTUDO E DE ENSINO

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 330-344
Author(s):  
Marcelo Luis de Brino ◽  
Pedro Wagner Gonçalves ◽  
Daniel Ferraz Chiozzini ◽  
Natalina Aparecida Laguna Sicca
Keyword(s):  
Science Teaching ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Industrial Technology ◽  
Curricular Integration ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
The Past ◽  
Keywords History Of Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
Coffee Farmers

Resumo Este trabalho considera a História da Ciência como campo multidimensional que pode contribuir para interconectar diferentes disciplinas por meio da integração curricular. O ponto de partida do ensino e da aprendizagem contextualizados foi a história da Electro Metallurgica Brasileira, foi um empreendimento que reuniu cafeicultores e ações governamentais para criar uma siderúrgica em Ribeirão Preto, interior de São Paulo na década de 1920. A história dessa usina mostra os desafios e as tomadas de decisão diante das controvérsias tecnológicas da época quanto ao uso de alto forno elétrico, melhor combustível e redutor (carvão mineral ou vegetal), bem como a localização da siderúrgica. Dois engenheiros (João Pandiá Calógeras e Luis Felipe Gonzaga de Campos) com forte formação geológica e metalúrgica tiveram papel de importante na definição e orientação de políticas de desenvolvimento industrial mas divergiam quanto às melhores opções para criar a siderurgia nacional. A discussão dessas controvérsias ajuda a compreender que o desenvolvimento científico não é progressivo, nem linear embora esteja vinculado a necessidades tecnológicas e econômicas. Palavras-chave: História da Ciência, Ensino de Ciências, História da Técnica, siderurgia, História do Brasil AbstractHistory of science is a multidimensional area of knowledge in order to connect different disciplines upon a curricular integration. The point of start to situate the teaching and the learning is the technological history of the iron and steel enterprise of Ribeirao Preto steelworks happened in 1920’s years. The coffee farmers and government authorities promoted the effort to create the steelworks in the county of the country. The challenge was to choose by the kind of industrial technology. That time, researchers disagreed about the place, the technique, the kind of fuel which would be used with better utility. Two engineers with a strong geological and metallurgical formation exemplified the technological controversies: João Pandiá Calógeras and Luis Felipe Gonzaga de Campos. They advocated differently on electrical furnace, kind of steel conversor, as well as the place of the enterprise. The main findings shows up the history of science helps to understand the challenges of the past and the controversial side of scientific development. Keywords: history of science, teaching of sciences, history of technic, iron manufacture, history of Brazil

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