Christianity in the Twentieth Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Racial Identity ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Regional Survey ◽  
History Of Christianity ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Different Parts

This book charts the transformation of one of the world's great religions during an age marked by world wars, genocide, nationalism, decolonization, and powerful ideological currents, many of them hostile to Christianity. The book traces how Christianity evolved from a religion defined by the culture and politics of Europe to the expanding polycentric and multicultural faith it is today—one whose growing popular support is strongest in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, China, and other parts of Asia. The book sheds critical light on themes of central importance for understanding the global contours of modern Christianity, illustrating each one with contrasting case studies, usually taken from different parts of the world. Unlike other books on world Christianity, this one is not a regional survey or chronological narrative, nor does it focus on theology or ecclesiastical institutions. The book provides a history of Christianity as a popular faith experienced and lived by its adherents, telling a compelling and multifaceted story of Christendom's fortunes in Europe, North America, and across the rest of the globe. It demonstrates how Christianity has had less to fear from the onslaughts of secularism than from the readiness of Christians themselves to accommodate their faith to ideologies that privilege racial identity or radical individualism.

scholarly journals Glass Beads, Markers of Ancient Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa: Methodology, State of the Art and Perspectives

Heritage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2343-2369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farahnaz Koleini ◽  
Philippe Colomban ◽  
Innocent Pikirayi ◽  
Linda C. Prinsloo
Keyword(s):  
Glass Production ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Secondary Phases ◽  
Ancient Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Sub Saharan

Glass beads have been produced and traded for millennia all over the world for use as everyday items of adornment, ceremonial costumes or objects of barter. The preservation of glass beads is good and large hoards have been found in archaeological sites across the world. The variety of shape, size and colour as well as the composition and production technologies of glass beads led to the motivation to use them as markers of exchange pathways covering the Indian Ocean, Africa, Asia, Middle East, the Mediterranean world, Europe and America and also as chronological milestones. This review addresses the history of glass production, the methodology of identification (morphology, colour, elemental composition, glass nanostructure, colouring and opacifying agents and secondary phases) by means of laboratory based instruments (LA-ICP-MS, SEM-EDS, XRF, NAA, Raman microspectroscopy) as well as the mobile instruments (pXRF, Raman) used to study glass beads excavated from sub-Saharan African sites. Attention is paid to the problems neglected such as the heterogeneity of glass (recycled and locally reprocessed glass). The review addresses the potential information that could be extracted using advanced portable methods of analysis.

E-Infrastructures for International Cooperation

2011 ◽  
pp. 141-193
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Andronico ◽  
Antun Balaž ◽  
Tiwonge Msulira Banda ◽  
Roberto Barbera ◽  
Bruce Becker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
East Europe ◽  
Comprehensive View ◽  
South East Europe ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan

E-infrastructures are becoming in Europe and in other regions of the world standard platforms to support e-Science and foster virtual research communities. This chapter provides the reader with a comprehensive view of the developments of e-Infrastructures in China, India, Asia-Pacific, Mediterranean, Middle-East, Sub-Saharan Africa, South-East Europe and Latin America and with an outlook on the very important issue of their long term sustainability.

Future Fertility in High Fertility Countries

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Fuchs ◽  
Anne Goujon
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan

Beginning in 1960, a phenomenon occurred that John Caldwell named the ‘global fertility transition’ (Caldwell, 1997), in which fertility declines have become the general rule throughout the world, including in the majority of the less developed countries. This is important partly because fertility is in many circumstances negatively associated with socio-economic development (Bryant, 2007). From 1970–75 to 2005–10, the average total fertility rate (TFR) for the developing world fell by half, from 5.4 to 2.7 births per woman on average (United Nations, 2011). However, global figures hide important differences in fertility levels among the different regions. In Asia and Latin America, the reproductive behaviour of women reflected the pattern of change noted by Caldwell, halving the TFR in the last 35 years. In Africa, on the contrary, fertility stagnated at 6.2–6.4 from 1950 to 1985, and then began a decline that was much slower than in other developing regions. As a whole, the TFR of sub-Saharan Africa has, for decades, been higher than the fertility levels elsewhere. This was the case in 1950 and 1975, and remains so today. Fertility differences among countries are now larger than ever because transitions to replacement fertility have not yet started in some subpopulations of Western and Middle Africa, but have already been completed in others (e.g. in the economically most advanced countries of Asia, especially East Asia, as well as in many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean). As a result, the observed TFRs of (former) developing countries in 2005–10 range from a high of 7.1 in Niger to a low of 1.0 in Hong Kong. All regions of the world experience wide variations in their TFRs. For instance, East Asia has experienced a faster fertility decline than countries like Pakistan in south-central Asia. Moreover, fertility levels can show significant variations within a single country. This is the case in India, where Northern and Southern patterns of fertility are very different. Overall, regional variations are most apparent in sub-Saharan Africa.

Clause-final negative markers in Bobo and Samogo

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry Idiatov
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Discourse Markers ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Lateral Transfer ◽  
Focus Particles ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Almost All

As many other languages of northern sub-Saharan Africa, almost all Bobo and Samogo languages (two distantly related Mande groups) exhibit prominently clause-final negative markers (CFNMs), a cross-linguistically uncommon property. Unlike negators in other parts of the world, CFNMs in the area prove to be rather unstable diachronically and relatively easy to borrow, similar to discourse markers, focus particles and phasal adverbs, with which they also happen to share peculiarities of morphosyntax and paths of historical development. This article first provides an exhaustive overview of the data available on the use of CFNMs in these languages. Building on these data, I advance an account of the history of the default CFNMs in these languages. In particular, I argue that the default CFNMs of Jo, Seen and probably Kpeen (all Samogo) go back to the phasal adverbial *kè ‘(not) yet; still’, whereas the default CFNMs of Bobo and Dzuun, Ban and Kpaan ultimately go back to a phasal adverbial *kÚDà(C)á ‘(not) again’. However, the default CFNMs of Dzuun, Kpaan and Ban turn out to be only indirect reflexes resulting from a lateral transfer of the Bobo CFNM, which expanded an already rich system of semantically more specific CFNMs in these languages.

scholarly journals Risk for COVID-19 among Migrants from different areas of the World in Spain: A population-based cohort study in a country with universal health coverage

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Guijarro ◽  
Elia Pérez-Fernández ◽  
Beatriz González-Piñeiro ◽  
Victoria Meléndez ◽  
Maria José Goyanes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Universal Health Coverage ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Universal Health

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the COVID-19 incidence among migrants from different areas of the world as compared to Spaniards living in AlcorcónDesignPopulation-based cohort analysis of the cumulative incidence of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases until April 25 (2020) among adult residents at Alcorcón (Spain) attended at the only public hospital serving this city. Crude incident rates for Spaniards and migrants from different areas of the world were estimated. Age and sex-adjusted relative risks for COVID19 were estimated by negative bomial regression.SettingUniversity public Hospital at Alcorcón, Madrid, SpainParticipantsAll adult residents living in Alcorcon classified by their country and region of the world of origin.Main outcomePCR confirmed COVID-19.ResultsPCR confirmed COVID-19 cumulative incidence was 6.81 cases per 1000 inhabitants among residents of Alcorcón. The crude incidence among migrants (n=20419) was higher than among Spaniards (n=131599): 8.81 and 6.51 and per 1000 inhabitants respectively (p<0.001).By regions of the world, crude cumulative COVID-19 incidence rates were: European Union 2.38, Asia 2.01,, Northern Africa 3.59, East ern Europe 4.37, Sub-Saharan Africa 11.24, Caribbean 18.26 and Latin-America 20.77 8 per 1000 inhabitants. Migrant residents were markedly younger than Spaniards (median age 52 vs 73 years, p<0.001). By negative binomial regression, adjusted for age and sex, relative risks (RR) for COVID-19 were not significantly different from Spaniards for individuals from Europe, Asia or Northern Africa. In contrast, there was an increased risk for Sub-Saharan Africa (RR 3.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42-9.41, p=0.007), Caribbean (RR 6.35, 95% CI 3.83-10.55, p<0.001) and Latin-America (RR 6.92, 95% CI 4.49-10.67, p <0.001).ConclusionsThere was a marked increased risk for COVID-19 among migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, Caribbean and Latin-America residing in Spain. The reasons underlying this increased risk and health and social implications deserve further attention.What is known about the topicRecent reports suggest an increased burden of COVID-19 among migrants or ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom and the USA, particularly regarding mortality. Reports have failed to dissociate clinical outcomes from differences in access to medical care or pre-existing medical conditions. There is no information regarding COVID risk for latinos in countries with universal health coverageWhat this study addMigrants from subsaharian Africa resident in Spain exhibit an increased risk for COVID-19. This risk is further increased for migrants from the Caribbean and Latin-America and cannot be attributed to unequal access to medical care. Studies in countries with universal health coverage may help to dissociate COVID burden in migrants and ethnic populations from access to health care.

scholarly journals The Position of Sub-Saharan Countries in the World Economy

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (33) ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Boris Baumgartner
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Export ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Most of the countries of sub-Saharan Africa belong to the most underdeveloped and poorest countries in the world economy. This region consists of forty-nine countries but at world GDP, world export, world import and inflow of foreign direct investment share only by small percent. There are some positive facts in the recent history of sub- Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa has grown faster than the world economy in the past ten years. The predictions are also positive. There is an expectation of another growth till the 2020. If the sub-Saharan countries want to keep the growth in the future they have to invest to infrastructure, in educational system, in research and science to make their economies more competitive.

E-Infrastructures for International Cooperation

2014 ◽  
pp. 380-430
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Andronico ◽  
Antun Balaž ◽  
Tiwonge Msulira Banda ◽  
Roberto Barbera ◽  
Bruce Becker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
East Europe ◽  
Comprehensive View ◽  
South East Europe ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan

E-infrastructures are becoming in Europe and in other regions of the world standard platforms to support e-Science and foster virtual research communities. This chapter provides the reader with a comprehensive view of the developments of e-Infrastructures in China, India, Asia-Pacific, Mediterranean, Middle-East, Sub-Saharan Africa, South-East Europe and Latin America and with an outlook on the very important issue of their long term sustainability.

scholarly journals Design And Production of A Visual Document Depicting The Chronological Develoment of The Asante Kingdom

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Okyere Kwesi Barnabas
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Metal Surface ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Qualitative Research Design ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Transformational Development

<p><em>The Asante kingdom is one of the famous and surviving kingdoms in sub-Saharan Africa. The kingdom came on the world stage in the late 16<sup>th</sup> century and gradually expanded its territorial boundaries through wars to cover almost the present day Ghana and some portion of Togo and Cote d’Ivoire.  Much is known about ancient Egyptian society than most other ancient cultures because of their hieroglyphics (picture writing). Even though the history of the Asante kingdom has been preserved in oratory and in written documents, an alternative method can also be made to safeguard its rich historical facts just like that of the Ancient Egyptian society. This research looks into the ancient methodology of preserving historical facts to design and produce a mural that would serve as an alternative to available sources in gathering historical facts about the Asante kingdom. Qualitative research design approach was used and the descriptive and studio based research methodologies were employed. The history of the Asante kingdom was explored from the 16<sup>th</sup> to the 21<sup>st</sup> century to encode the salient facts about their transformational development into a mural of symbols and pictorial imagery, using sketching and Repoussage technique. It was found that symbols and imagery can be used to present facts of the history and also intricate visuals can be Repoussage unto a large metal surface using 0.8mm copper thickness upon a suitable working support.</em></p>

A Comparative Perspective on China’s involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean

2018 ◽  
pp. 321-336
Author(s):  
Rhys Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Systematic Comparison ◽  
Institutional Differences ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Economic Engagement

The chapter brings together the findings of the previous two parts of the book to provide a systematic comparison of China’s economic involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). It compares the history of relations between China and the two regions, and discusses the key actors involved. It shows that Chinese interests in economic engagement in SSA and LAC are broadly similar. However, there are important economic, political, and institutional differences between the two regions which lead to important differences in terms of economic, social, political, and environmental impacts. However, it is also important not to lose sight of the heterogeneity that exists within each region.

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