scholarly journals Magnesium-supplying power of some Finnish mineral soils

1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-324
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila ◽  
Helinä Kettunen
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soil ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Initial Content ◽  
Mineral Soils

Uptake of magnesium from a sand, fine sand, muddy clay, silty clay and heavy clay soil under exhaustive cropping with perennial rye grass was studied in green house. An application of 0.5 g Mg as MgSO4 ∙ 7 H2O per the 5-liter pots increased slightly the total yield of rye grass shoots and markedly the amount of Mg harvested in the shoots from the sand and fine sand soils with an initial content of only 14 and 37 ppm exchangeable Mg, respectively. No respond to the application of Mg was detected in the silty clay and heavy clay soils which contained exchangeable Mg 226 and 910 ppm, respectively. The muddy clay soil contained 137 ppm exchangeable Mg, and the application of Mg markedly increased the amount of Mg harvested in the shoots, but brought about a decrease in the yield of shoots. The amount of Mg harvested in the shoots without the application of Mg was only in the sand and fine sand soils higher than the original content of exchangeable Mg. Yet, in all soils except in the muddy clay, the decrease in the content of exchangeable Mg during the cropping was lower than the amount of Mg harvested. This was taken to indicate that some release of nonexchangeable Mg did occur during this trial. According to a rough estimation this mobilization of Mg varied from 0 to 60 ppm, whereas the corresponding release of nonexchangeable K was 500–1000 ppm, except in the sand soil. The »exhaustion Mg», or the sum of Mg harvested in the shoots of rye grass and the exchangeable Mg in the soil after cropping, was in all soils of the same order as the amount of Mg extracted by 0.05 N or 0.1 N HCI from the original soil samples.

scholarly journals Effect of soil moisture on the ability of Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) to reduce an injurious content of nitrate nitrogen in soil

1974 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-166
Author(s):  
Antti Jaakkola
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Experimental Soil

The ability of Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum) to reduce a high content of mineral nitrogen in soil was studied in a pot experiment in greenhouse. The experimental soil consisted of a silty clay rich in humus and a fine sand. The soils were kept at three moisture levels corresponding approximately to pF values 2, 3 and 4. Two levels of nitrogen were applied, 175 and 350 mg/kg, as ammonium nitrate. The clay and fine sand soils initially contained 370 and 780 mg/kg of nitrate nitrogen, respectively. The grass was harvested five times during 205 days. The excess of the nitrate in the clay soil prouducing high nitrate contents in the grass was exhausted after two cuttings when the soil moisture was kept at pF 2, whereas it was not reduced at all at pF 4. At pF 3, the excess nitrate was exhausted after the 3rd and 4th cutting at lower and higher nitrogen application levels, respectively. The nitrate content of the grass grown on the fines and soil was reduced to an acceptable level only at pF 2 and after the lower application of nitrogen, not before the last cutting, however.

scholarly journals Calcium, magnesium and potassium in mineral soils from the southern half of Finland

1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-261
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Clay Content ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
Mineral Soils

210 samples of mineral soils from the southern half of Finland with mainly an acid precambrian bedrock, were analysed for the total contents of Ca, Mg and K, and for the portion of these nutrients which could be exchanged by N NH4OAc (pH 7), dissolved by 0.1 N HCI at room temperature, or released by N HCI at 50° C. The total content of Ca was lowest in samples of heavy clay, 0.78±0.14 % in the surface soils and 0.92±0.10 % in the deeper layers. The mean content in the groups of other soils was at least about 1.1 %. The total content of Mg increased with an increase in the clay content (r = 0.81***). It ranged from 0.6±0.1 % in the sand and fine sand samples to 1.53±0.19 % in the heavy clay soils of the surface layers and to 1.89±0.12 % in those of the deeper layers. Also in the groups of loam and silt soils and of the coarser clay soils, respectively, the Mg content was in the deeper layers higher than in the surface soils. The total content of K also increased with the clay content (r=0.73***) from 1.7±0.1 % in the sand and fine sand soils to 2.74±0.21 % in the heavy clay soils of the surface layers and to 3.10±0.07 % in those of the deeper layers. The portion of exchangeable Ca was relatively high: in the groups of surface soils from more than one tenth to one third of the total amount. The corresponding average amounts released by even the more drastic treatment with acid were not markedly higher. Only a few per cents of total Mg were exchangeable and slightly higher amounts were dissolved by 0.1 N HCI, whereas the treatment with N HCI at 50° C released about half of the total Mg. Exchangeable K and K dissolved by 0,1 N HCI did not exceed 1 % of the total K, except slightly in the heavy clay soils; the average amounts released by N HCI ranged from 5 to 18 % of the total K. The plant availability of these nutrients was discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of liming on phosphorus in two soils of different organic matter content: I Changes of native and applied phosphorus in incubation experiment 

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-354
Author(s):  
Helinä Hartikainen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Incubation Experiment ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Ph Buffering ◽  
Water Soluble P ◽  
Buffering Power ◽  
Soluble P

The effect of increasing lime quantities on reactions of native and applied P was investigated in an incubation experiment performed with two acid mineral soils of pH 4.8 (CaCl2). The soil samples differed considerably in the content of organic matter, which was reflected in their pH buffering power: in the fine sand, rich in organic matter (6.4 % org. C), liming raised the pH less than in the muddy fine sand (3.0 % org. C). The level of native water-soluble P was markedly lowered in the incubated soil samples treated with nutrient salts. In the muddy fine sand, the decrease tended to be the smaller, whereas in the fine sand the greater, the more intensive liming was. This held true also of added P. The changes in CHANG and JACKSON’s P fractions did not alone satisfactorily explain the dissimilar response of soil P to lime treatments. The fate of P was concluded to be controlled by the quality and quantity of Al species differing in their affinity for P sorption. The changes in the solubility of P are a net result of processes enhancing and of those depressing the sorption tendency. In the fine sand soil of high initial content of water-soluble P, the detrimental effect of liming seemed to be attributed to the abundance of polymerized Al the affinity of which for P retention increased with intensified liming. Further, the high pH buffering power of this soil reduced the efficiency of lime to produce OH- ions able to compete with phosphate for sorption sites. In the muddy fine sand soil, on the contrary, the formation of sorption-active sites was not equally marked and, owing to the weaker pH buffering, liming raised the OH- concentration more effectively.

scholarly journals Fixation of potassium by soil samples under various conditions

1965 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-206
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
Soil Drying ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Total Potassium

The fixation of added potassium under various conditions was studied using soil samples collected from three layers of ten mineral soils. The type of soil ranged from finesand to heavy clay, the soil reaction from pH 3.3 to pH 6.4 (in 0.01 M CaCl2), and the total potassium content from 1.99 to 3.41 per cent. The fixation against an extraction with neutral ammonium acetate distinctly depended on the conditions used for the application of potassium: on the average, without drying the samples fixed during one hour somewhat more than 80 per cent of the amount fixed during 18 hours, when the samples were treated with KCI-solutions corresponding to 2.5 me K/100 g soil. Drying the suspension at 80°C resulted in a fixation 1.2 to 4.1 times as high as that under the »wet» conditions within one hour. The results of these two methods were not particularly closely correlated (r = 0.73***). The results of the »dry» method were found to be of the same order as the fixation of potassium in samples incubated for three months at room temperature. The results of the »dry» fixation were positively correlated with the pH (r = 0.75***) and negatively correlated with the contents of organic carbon (r = —0.63***) and exchangeable potassium (r = —0.40*), but they were not correlated with the contents of clay or the acid soluble potassium. Under the »wet» conditions the relative fixation generally decreased with an increase in the application of potassium, but there were samples which fixed a rather low but almost equal portion of all the applications from 0.625 to 40 me K/100 g soil. The fixation from the highest addition was correlated with the clay fraction

Excess Pore Pressure Dissipation Characteristics of Different Soil by CPTU on Pearl River Delta

2011 ◽  
Vol 71-78 ◽  
pp. 4606-4609
Author(s):  
Yan Chun Tang ◽  
Gao Tou Meng
Keyword(s):  
Pore Pressure ◽  
Pearl River Delta ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Excess Pore Pressure ◽  
Pearl River ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Excess Pore

Through a lot of CPTU excess pore pressure dissipation tests on Pearl River Delta in China, excess pore pressure dissipation characteristics of different soil layer on Guangzhou-Zhuhai section of Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway and Taishan section of Guangdong West Coast Expressway has been analyzed. The dissipation time of 50% dissipation degree t50 of excess pore pressure dissipation curve by CPTU can be used as the auxiliary method to determine the type of soil, and through CPTU excess pore pressure dissipation tests, the t50 value of sand soil, silt, silty clay, clay soil and silt soil has been obtained; through comparison with the t50 value of different soil, the difference of sand soil, silt and clay soil can be roughly distinguished; the obvious boundary value between the t50 value of clay soil, silty clay and silt soil is not existed, so the t50 value can not be direct to determine the type of these clay type of soil. The achieved results can provide a research foundation for CPTU application research on Pearl River Delta in China.

scholarly journals Fixation of potassium in Finnish soils

1965 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-126
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
The Mean

The fixation of potassium in Finnish soils was studied on the basis of a material consisting of 265 samples from various parts of the country. A »wet method» was employed in which 2.5 me K was added per 100 g soil, and the fixation against the extraction with neutral N ammonium acetate was determined after a period of contact of one hour. The average fixation in the 135 samples of surface soils was 0.38 ± 0.03 me K/100 g soil, and in the 130 subsoil samples 0.77 ± 0.09 me/100 g soil, or about 15 and 30 per cent of the added potassium, respectively. In the groups of the surface samples the mean values increased with the increasing content of clay from 0.25 ± 0.04 me K/100 g soil in the finesand soils to 0.56 ± 0.03 me K/100 g soil in the samples of heavy clay containing at least 60 per cent of the fraction < 2 μ. In the groups of the subsoil samples the corresponding mean values were 0.33 ± 0.24 and 1.04 ± 0.15 me K/100 g soil. In the surface soils the results ranged from 0.09 me K/100 g in a finesand soil to 1.27 me K/100 g in a clay loam, and in the subsoil samples from 0 in a sandy clay soil to 1.80 me K/100 g in one sample of clay loam and one sample of silty clay. The fixation was positively correlated with the contents of finer clay

scholarly journals Basic exchangeable cations in Finnish mineral soils

1972 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-170
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Clay Content ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Plough Layer

The content of exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na replaced by neutral ammonium acetate was determined in 470 samples of mineral soils from various parts of Finland, except from Lapland. The amount of all these cations tended to increase with an increase in the clay content, but variation within each textural class was large, and the ranges usually overlapped those of the other classes. The higher acidity of virgin surface soils was connected with a lower average degree of saturation by Ca as compared with the corresponding textural classes of cultivated soils. No significant difference in the respective contents of other cations was detected. The samples of various textural groups from deeper layers were usually poorer in exchangeable Ca and K than the corresponding groups of plough layer. The mean content of exchangeable Mg was equal or even higher in the samples from deeper layers than in the samples from plough layer, except in the group of sand soils. The percentage of Mg of the effective CEC increased, as an average, from 9 in the sand and fine sand soils of plough layer to 30 in the heavy clay soils; in the heavy clay soils from deeper layers its mean value was 38 ± 4 %. In the samples of plough layer, the mean ratio of Ca to Mg in sand and fine sand soils was about 9, in silt and loam soils about 6, in the coarser clay soils about 4, and in heavy clay about 2.

scholarly journals On the pre-treatment of samples of heavy clay soil for determinations by the pressure membrane apparatus

1961 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-158
Author(s):  
Reijo Heinonen
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Membrane Apparatus ◽  
Glacial Clay ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Pre Treatment

The method of pre-treatment of soil samples should be chosen in each case according to the purpose of study, keeping in mind the slow reversibility of the wetting undergone by heavy glacial clay. In general, it is recommended that the air-dry samples ground to 2 mm should be soaked for three weeks prior to determinations by the pressure membrane apparatus. If it is desired to make direct determinations, grinding to pass 0.6 mm appears to be conducive to good wetting, in the case of topsoils.

scholarly journals Release of nonexchangeable potassium from Finnish mineral soils

1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Clay Content ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Nonexchangeable Potassium

Release of nonexchangeable potassium by treatment with 1 N HCI at 50°C was studied on basis of a material consisting of 330 samples of Finnish mineral soils. The results ranged from 1 to 830mg K/100g. The mean content of nonexchangeable acid-soluble potassium was in the surface samples of sand and fine sand soils 95±26 mg/100 g, in loam soils 165±31 mg/100 g, in silt soils 195±52 mg/100 g, in clay loam soils 258±32 mg/100 g, in silty clay soils 283±43 mg/100 g, and in heavy clay soils 345±126 mg/100 g. In the subsoil samples of loam, clay loam, silty clay and heavy clay soils the mean content was significantly higher than in the surface samples, or 283±51 mg/100 g, 404±56 mg/100 g, 535±53 mg/100 g, and 580±37 mg/100 g, respectively. The results seem to be high as compared with data reported from Sweden, Norway and Germany. The content of nonexchangeable potassium released by acid was to some extent connected with the clay content: the correlation coefficient in the whole material was r = 0.74***, but only about 0.5*** both in the separate groups of the 178 nonclay samples and the 152 clay samples. There was only a very low correlation between the contents of nonexchangeable acid-soluble potassium and readily exchangeable potassium. A somewhat higher correlation, r = 0.65***, was found for the relationship between the former and fixation of added potassium under »wet» conditions, but it was markedly decreased by the elimination of the effect of the clay content. Nonexchangeable acid-soluble potassium usually represented a lower part of the total potassium in the surface samples than in the subsoil samples, and also the proportion tended to be higher in the clay soils than in the coarser soils. It varied from 0.2 to 26.3 per cent in the small material studied. In most cultivated soils less nonexchangeable potassium was released from the samples of plough layer than from samples of deeper layers. In a podsol profile the minimum content of nonexchangeable and exchangeable potassium and the maximum of fixation of added potassium was found in the A2 horizon; in a brown podsolic soil all these test values decreased fairly regularly with depth. From some silt and silty clay soils incubated for three months at room temperature a large part, even more than 40 per cent of the added potassium was not recovered by the acid extraction. Ammonium acetate extracted from 9 to 85 per cent of the potassium applied before incubation, and the part of added potassium found as nonexchangeable acid-soluble form varied from 5 to 53 per cent. The equilibrium between the different potassium fractions in soil was discussed. It was supposed that differences in the ability of plants to utilize nonexchangeable potassium may partly depend on the level to which plant roots are able to decrease potassium concentration in the solution around the minerals.

scholarly journals Base-neutralizing capacity of Finnish mineral soils

1986 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
Helinä Hartikainen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Mineral Soils

The base-neutralizing capacity, BMC7 (OH- as meq kg-1 needed to raise soil pH to 7), was determined graphically from curves obtained in KOH titration (at a constant ionic strength of I = 0.1). In 84 soil samples, BMC7 amounted to 0—316 meq kg-1, being highest in the heavy clay soils and lowest in the non-clay soils. In different textural groups, BMC7 seemed most markedly to be dependent on the initial soil pH, followed by organic C or oxalate soluble Al, in the coarser clays also on clay content. The results evidence that in determination of lime requirement, attention should be paid to the capacity of soil acidity. In routine soil testing, detailed lime recommendations for various soil types are needed.

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