Effect of application compost and vermicompost from market waste on soil chemical properties and plant growth

This study was conducted to determine the effect of compost and vermicompost from market organic waste on the soil chemical properties and the growth of maize. The treatments tested were three doses of compost (2.5, 5, and 10 t/ha), three doses of vermicompost (2.5, 5, and 10 t/ha), and one control (without compost or vermicompost). At the time of harvest (10 weeks after planting), maize shoot dry weight, root dry weight, cob length, cob diameter, cob with husk, and cob dry weight, as well as the soil chemical properties organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P), available P, total potassium (K), and pH were observed. Maize plant height, leaf number, and stem diameter were observed at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after planting. The results showed that the application of compost and vermicompost significantly affected soil chemical properties and the yield of maize. The application of 10 t vermicompost/ha resulted in the highest yield of maize and highest increase of soil organic carbon, total phosphorus available phosphorus, total potassium, and pH by 7.21%, 112.41%, 287.44%, 85.44% and 17.58%, respectively. The application of 10 t compost/ha resulted in the highest increase of soil total N by 44%.

Penilaian Status Kesuburan Tanah Desa Tijayan Kecamatan Manisrenggo Kabupaten Klaten

Tijayan Village is located in Manisrenggo District, Klaten Regency, which has an area of agricultural land in the form of rice fields which is 105.80 ha of 155.3 ha of the village area. The extent of agricultural land in Tijayan Village needs to be maintained to increase agricultural products ranging from rice, secondary crops, and horticulture commodities. The researcher found a lack of information about soil maintenance in Tijayan Village. Therefore, the researcher conducted this research to determine and study the soil fertility and soil management efforts based on the limiting factors of fertility in Tijayan Village. In addition, soil fertility assessment is based on a desk study, detailed survey, soil analysis, making fertility distribution maps, and descriptive analysis. Determination of soil fertility status based on Soil Research Guidelines published by Soil Research Center, Bogor Indonesia, with parameters of cation exchange capacity, base saturation, total phosphorus, total potassium, and C- organic. Map made by using the ArcGIS 10.4 application. The fertility of Tijayan Village is categorized as low soil fertility class. The limiting factors for soil fertility are soil cation exchange capacity 3.47 me/ 100 g until 12.33 me/100g, total potassium < 10 mg/100g, and C- organic 1.213% - 2.286% . Consequently, management needs to be done by adding organic matter to the soil, fertilizing organically or inorganically, and the principle of healthy plant cultivation for rice fields.

Soil Bacterial Community Shifts Are Driven by Soil Nutrient Availability along a Teak Plantation Chronosequence in Tropical Forests in China

Soil bacterial communities play crucial roles in ecosystem functions and biogeochemical cycles of fundamental elements and are sensitive to environmental changes. However, the response of soil bacterial communities to chronosequence in tropical ecosystems is still poorly understood. This study characterized the structures and co-occurrence patterns of soil bacterial communities in rhizosphere and bulk soils along a chronosequence of teak plantations and adjacent native grassland as control. Stand ages significantly shifted the structure of soil bacterial communities but had no significant impact on bacterial community diversity. Bacterial community diversity in bulk soils was significantly higher than that in rhizosphere soils. The number of nodes and edges in the bacterial co-occurrence network first increased and then decreased with the chronosequence. The number of strongly positive correlations per network was much higher than negative correlations. Available potassium, total potassium, and available phosphorus were significant factors influencing the structure of the bacterial community in bulk soils. In contrast, urease, total potassium, pH, and total phosphorus were significant factors affecting the structure of the bacterial community in the rhizosphere soils. These results indicate that available nutrients in the soil are the main drivers regulating soil bacterial community variation along a teak plantation chronosequence.

Alterations in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Community Along a Chronosequence of Teak (Tectona grandis) Plantations in Tropical Forests of China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play a crucial role in promoting plant growth, enhancing plant stress resistance, and sustaining a healthy ecosystem. However, little is known about the mycorrhizal status of teak plantations. Here, we evaluated how the AM fungal communities of rhizosphere soils and roots respond to different stand ages of teak: 22, 35, 45, and 55-year-old from the adjacent native grassland (CK). A high-throughput sequencing method was used to compare the differences in soil and root AM fungal community structures. In combination with soil parameters, mechanisms driving the AM fungal community were revealed by redundancy analysis and the Mantel test. Additionally, spore density and colonization rates were analyzed. With increasing stand age, the AM fungal colonization rates and spore density increased linearly. Catalase activity and ammonium nitrogen content also increased, and soil organic carbon, total phosphorous, acid phosphatase activity, available potassium, and available phosphorus first increased and then decreased. Stand age significantly changed the structure of the AM fungal community but had no significant impact on the diversity of the AM fungal community. However, the diversity of the AM fungal community in soils was statistically higher than that in the roots. In total, nine and seven AM fungal genera were detected in the soil and root samples, respectively. The majority of sequences in soils and roots belonged to Glomus. Age-induced changes in soil properties could largely explain the alterations in the structure of the AM fungal community along a chronosequence, which included total potassium, carbon-nitrogen ratio, ammonium nitrogen, catalase, and acid phosphatase levels in soils and catalase, acid phosphatase, pH, and total potassium levels in roots. Soil nutrient availability and enzyme activity were the main driving factors regulating the shift in the AM fungal community structure along a chronosequence of the teak plantations.

Biotechnological Bases of Obtaining Biohumus

Currently, along with the development of agriculture, a certain amount of organic waste is generated from products produced to meet the needs of the population. Organic waste can be recycled with the assistance of earthworms. The technology of processing organic waste using earthworms is of great theoretical and practical importance in solving biotechnological problems. In vermicompost with the help of local earthworms, the content of total nitrogen increased from 0.4 to 0.5%, total phosphorus — from 0.2 to 0.4%, total potassium — from 0.45 to 1.6%, calcium — from 0.15 to 1%, sodium — from 0.12 to 1%.

Earthworm Community In Relation To Soil Properties And Metals In Hebei Province, North China

In this study, we examined the influence of soil properties (pH, total potassium (TK), available potassium (AK), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available potassium (AP), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and soil organic carbon (SOC)), and metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn) on the density, diversity, and species composition of earthworms in the Hebei Province, North China. In total, 535 earthworms were collected from 20 sites in the study area, and belonged to three families, six genera, and ten species. Amynthas hupeiensis (39.4%) and Drawida gisti (37.8%) were the dominant species. The correlations between soil variables and earthworm composition determined using redundancy analysis indicated that SOC, TK, and AK enhanced earthworm density (total, adult, and juvenile) and species (A. hupeiensis and D. gisti) abundances. Earthworm composition remained unaffected by the metals (Cd and Pb) in the uncontaminated sites; in contrast, species were absent in areas with high metal concentrations (S19 and S20). Soil TN content was negatively and positively related to Shannon and Peilou indexes (p<0.05), respectively, indicating that TN may be pivotal in influencing earthworm diversity and species evenness. Overall, the soil properties such as K, SOC, and TN were the key variables affecting earthworm density, diversity, and species dominance.

MORPHOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ZIZYPHUS JUJUBA MILL. FRUITS FROM TIMIȘOARA BOTANICAL PARK

Zizyphus jujuba Mill. belongs to the Rhamnales order, Rhamnaceae family, Rhamnus genus. The genus includes about 40 species native to tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres, as well as the Mediterranean region. Species Zizyphus jujuba Mill. it is native to SW Asia, has ornamental features and is found spontaneously on the Danube coast. The first cultivated varieties were introduced at the Faculty of Horticulture in Bucharest in Shanxi Province, China in a joint research project in 1997. In our study, the fruits were harvested from two genotypes in the Botanical Park of Timisoara. For the harvested fruits were analyzed: fruit weight (g), seed weight (g), fruit length (mm), fruit width (mm) and chemical analyses were performed: soluble dry matter (%), C vitamin (mg 100 g-1), total potassium content (mg 100 g-1) and protein (%). In the analyzed fruits, the soluble dry matter varied between 28.3-29.81%, C vitamin between 247.97-288.17 mg 100g-1, proteins between 4.84-5.63% and potassium between 79.53 -79.63 mg 100 g-1.

Pepper root rot resistance and pepper yield are enhanced through biological agent G15 soil amelioration

Pepper root rot is a serious soil-borne disease that hinders pepper production, and efforts are being made to identify biological agents that can prevent and control pepper root rot. Our group recently discovered and produced a biological agent, named G15, which reduces the diversity and richness of fungi and bacteria when applied to pepper fields. In the soil of the G15-treatment condition, the pathogenic fungus Fusarium was inhibited, while the richness of beneficial bacteria Rhodanobacter was increased. Also, the ammonia nitrogen level was decreased in the G15-treatment soil, and the pH, total carbon, and total potassium levels were increased. Compared to the control condition, pepper yield was increased in the treatment group (by 16,680 kg acre−1). We found that G15 could alter the microbial community structure of the pepper rhizosphere. These changes alter the physical and chemical properties of the soil and, ultimately, improve resistance to pepper root rot and increase pepper yield.

The Effects of Myrothecium verrucaria (MV) on Corn Stover During Co-Composting Process Under Room Temperature Conditions

In China, the production of crop straw has been estimated to be approximately 800 Million tons yearly of which about 40% was burned. Corn stover is one of the main agricultural wastes in China. It has shown that lignin in corn stover could be effectively removed byMyrothecium verrucaria. The effects of the pretreatment of corn strover by Myrothecium verrucaria on compost were studied. The results showed that corn stover pretreatment by Myrothecium verrucaria, the Cellulose, Hemicellulose, and lignin were degraded and the results were 33.43%, 11.53% and 18.70% respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed that the surface structure of corn stover was changed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that the degradation products of lignin were increased. The exposed area of cellulose and hemicellulose was increased. Compared with the control group, the pH value was stable and the temperature was higher. The content of nitrogen in the material decreased, while the contents of total phosphorus and total potassium increased.The C/N ratio of materials decreased after composting.The results showed that the pretreatment of Myrothecium verrucaria improve the degradation of lignocelluloses, a great contribution was made to reduce the causes loss of plant nutrient and to fight against environmental pollution.

PENGARUH METODE FERMENTASI DAN PENAMBAHAN URINE KELINCI TERHADAP KUALITAS PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR

The Minang Bangkit Merbabu Farmer Group use organic materials and produce their own liquid organic fertilizer. This liquid organic fertilizer is made of varied ingredients: rabbit urine, cow's milk, free-range chicken eggs, palm sugar, coconut water, pineapple, shrimp paste, bamboo roots, ginger, and turmeric. Composting is strongly affected by pH and aeration method. Liquid organic fertilizer made by farmers usually have an initial pH of around 3.7. This mixture was usually composted using semi-anaerobic method. Through this study, we wanted to find out whether different methods of aeration and addition of rabbit urine would result in different liquid organic fertilizer quality. The quality of liquid organic fertilizer includes C-organic, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium. The experiment was designed as a factorial randomized block design. There were 2 factors tested: rabbit urine volume and aeration method. There were two levels of rabbit urine volume : original and modified ones. There were three levels of aeration method: aerobic, semi-anaerobic, and anaerobic. In total, there were six treatments and four replication for each treatment. The results of the analysis showed that composting with the aerobic method at the original rabbit urine volume could increase the concentration of nutrient content so that it gave the highest yield. It is different from composting at a modified rabbit urine volume, because the highest yield is in the anaerobic method. Keywords: aerated, organic, rabbit urine volume