scholarly journals Base-neutralizing capacity of Finnish mineral soils

1986 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
Helinä Hartikainen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Mineral Soils

The base-neutralizing capacity, BMC7 (OH- as meq kg-1 needed to raise soil pH to 7), was determined graphically from curves obtained in KOH titration (at a constant ionic strength of I = 0.1). In 84 soil samples, BMC7 amounted to 0—316 meq kg-1, being highest in the heavy clay soils and lowest in the non-clay soils. In different textural groups, BMC7 seemed most markedly to be dependent on the initial soil pH, followed by organic C or oxalate soluble Al, in the coarser clays also on clay content. The results evidence that in determination of lime requirement, attention should be paid to the capacity of soil acidity. In routine soil testing, detailed lime recommendations for various soil types are needed.

scholarly journals Acid-neutralizing capacity of Finnish mineral soils

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-283
Author(s):  
Helinä Hartikainen
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soils ◽  
Acid Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Soil Groups

The acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) was determined graphically from curves obtained in HCI titration (at a constant ionic strength I = 0.1) and was expressed as a quantity of acid (meq kg-1) needed to reduce the soil pH to 3.8. The relationship between ANC3.8 g and soil characteristics was studied statistically. In 84 soil samples, ANC3.8 ranged from 12 to 184 meq kg-1. The average ANC3.8 was highest in the heavy clay soils and lowest in the non-clay soils, but the differences between the various textural soil groups were not significant. In all soil groups the initial pHCaCl2 was relatively the most important factor explaining the variation in ANC3.8. Organic C was also a significant variable; this was considered to indicate the importance of cation exchange reactions of organic matter in acid-buffering. With the exception of heavy clay soils, oxalate-soluble Al significantly explained the variation in ANC3.8, suggesting that dissolution of Al hydroxides acted as a sink for H+ ions and contributed to the neutralizing capacity at the reference pH of 3.8.

scholarly journals Calcium, magnesium and potassium in mineral soils from the southern half of Finland

1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-261
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Clay Content ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
Mineral Soils

210 samples of mineral soils from the southern half of Finland with mainly an acid precambrian bedrock, were analysed for the total contents of Ca, Mg and K, and for the portion of these nutrients which could be exchanged by N NH4OAc (pH 7), dissolved by 0.1 N HCI at room temperature, or released by N HCI at 50° C. The total content of Ca was lowest in samples of heavy clay, 0.78±0.14 % in the surface soils and 0.92±0.10 % in the deeper layers. The mean content in the groups of other soils was at least about 1.1 %. The total content of Mg increased with an increase in the clay content (r = 0.81***). It ranged from 0.6±0.1 % in the sand and fine sand samples to 1.53±0.19 % in the heavy clay soils of the surface layers and to 1.89±0.12 % in those of the deeper layers. Also in the groups of loam and silt soils and of the coarser clay soils, respectively, the Mg content was in the deeper layers higher than in the surface soils. The total content of K also increased with the clay content (r=0.73***) from 1.7±0.1 % in the sand and fine sand soils to 2.74±0.21 % in the heavy clay soils of the surface layers and to 3.10±0.07 % in those of the deeper layers. The portion of exchangeable Ca was relatively high: in the groups of surface soils from more than one tenth to one third of the total amount. The corresponding average amounts released by even the more drastic treatment with acid were not markedly higher. Only a few per cents of total Mg were exchangeable and slightly higher amounts were dissolved by 0.1 N HCI, whereas the treatment with N HCI at 50° C released about half of the total Mg. Exchangeable K and K dissolved by 0,1 N HCI did not exceed 1 % of the total K, except slightly in the heavy clay soils; the average amounts released by N HCI ranged from 5 to 18 % of the total K. The plant availability of these nutrients was discussed.

scholarly journals Effective cation-exchange capacity in Finnish mineral soils

1971 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-186
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Partial Regression Coefficient ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
The Mean

Effective CEC of 230 mineral soil samples was estimated as sum of (Ca + Mg) and (AI + H) displaced by N KCI. The mean values as me/100 g of soil were, in the surface samples, 15.9 ± 2.0 in 46 clay soils, 8.9 ± 1.3 in 21 silt and loam soils, and 8.3 ± 1.1 in 39 sandy soils. In samples from the deeper layers the corresponding means were 16.3 ± 2.3 in 54 clay soils, 5.6 ± 0.9 in 21 silt and loam soils, and 2.5 ± 0.5 in 49 sandy soils. In surface samples of clay soils the mean effective CEC was about two thirds, in sandy soils of deeper layers about one third, and in all other groups about one half of the corresponding average potential CEC determined by neutral ammonium acetate. In the total material in which clay content ranged from 0 to 95%, organic C from 0.1 to 8.7 %, soil pH from 3.3 to 7.5, and oxalate soluble Al from 1.4 to 47.9 mmol/100 g, the »effective CEC» depended mostly on clay content: the partial correlation coefficient r = 0.90***, and the standard partial regression coefficient β = 0.84. The corresponding coefficients for the relationship between the »effective CEC» and the content of organic C were r = 0.55*** and β = 0.29, soil pH r = 0.35*** and β = 0.16, and oxalate soluble Al r = –0.13 and β = –0.06. The positive effect of liming on effective CEC, particularly, in coarser textured acid soils high in organic matter was emphasized.

scholarly journals Aluminium and acidity in Finnish soils

1971 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Exchange Acidity ◽  
Soil Groups

In the present study an attempt was made to study by statistical methods the proportion of Al of the exchange acidity of 298 soil samples of various kind, and to what extent the titratable nonexchangeable acidity in these soils is connected with Al, when Al soluble in Tamm’s acid oxalate was used as its indicator. Unbuffered N KCI replaced Al only from soil samples with a pH less than 5.3 in 0.01 M CaCl2 . In this part of the material, Al corresponded, on the average, to one third of the exchange acidity of mineral soil samples, and to 16 per cent of that of organic soils. The amount of Al was usually the higher the lower the soil pH, but the correlation was close only in the group of clay soils. Titratable nonexchangeable acidity was estimated as the difference of the amount of acidity neutralized at pH 8.2 and the corresponding amount of exchange acidity replaced by unbuffered KCI. In 100 clay soil samples it was, on the average, 12.0 ± 1.3 me/100 g, in 42 samples of silt and loam soils 8.8 ± 1.8 me/100 g, in 99 sandy soils 8.9 ± 1.1 me/100 g and in 57 organic soils 49.1 ± 6.8 me/100 g. There was no correlation between titratable nonexchangeable acidity and the clay content within various soil groups. In the clay soils exalate soluble Al alone explained 78.3 %, in the silt and loam soils 59.8 %, in the sandy soils 6.5 %, and in the organic soils 0.6 % of the variation in titratable nonexchangeable acidity. Taking into account the content of organic C increased the rate of explanation only to 82.1 % in clay soils, to 84.1 % in silt and loam soils, to 83,1 % in sandy soils, and to 63.7 % in the organic soils. Further, adding the soil pH increased the rate of explanation 5.8 to 9.6 per cent units in various soil groups, but considering of oxalate soluble Fe did no more distinctly increase the part of variation explained, except in the organic soils. Regression equations were calculated for the relationship of these variables. According to the partial correlation coefficients and to the β-coefficients, the relative importance of oxalate soluble Al in explaining the variation in titratable nonexchangeable acidity was in the clay soils higher than even that of organic C content, but in the other mineral soil groups it was less important than both C content and pH; in the organic soils even oxalate soluble Fe appeared to be slightly more important.

scholarly journals Basic exchangeable cations in Finnish mineral soils

1972 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-170
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Clay Content ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Plough Layer

The content of exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na replaced by neutral ammonium acetate was determined in 470 samples of mineral soils from various parts of Finland, except from Lapland. The amount of all these cations tended to increase with an increase in the clay content, but variation within each textural class was large, and the ranges usually overlapped those of the other classes. The higher acidity of virgin surface soils was connected with a lower average degree of saturation by Ca as compared with the corresponding textural classes of cultivated soils. No significant difference in the respective contents of other cations was detected. The samples of various textural groups from deeper layers were usually poorer in exchangeable Ca and K than the corresponding groups of plough layer. The mean content of exchangeable Mg was equal or even higher in the samples from deeper layers than in the samples from plough layer, except in the group of sand soils. The percentage of Mg of the effective CEC increased, as an average, from 9 in the sand and fine sand soils of plough layer to 30 in the heavy clay soils; in the heavy clay soils from deeper layers its mean value was 38 ± 4 %. In the samples of plough layer, the mean ratio of Ca to Mg in sand and fine sand soils was about 9, in silt and loam soils about 6, in the coarser clay soils about 4, and in heavy clay about 2.

scholarly journals Fixed ammonium in some Finnish soils

1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Heterogeneous Material ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Total Ammonium

The nonexchangeable or fixed NH4-N was determined by the method of SCHACHTSCHABEL in 130 samples of Finnish mineral soils. In this relatively heterogeneous material consisting of 44 samples from the surface layer down to 20 cm and 86 samples from the deeper layers, the pH values ranged from 3.3 to 7.5, the contents of clay from 0 to 96 per cent, organic C from 0.03 to 6.6 per cent, and Kjeldahl-N from 0.13 to 4.53 mg/g. In the 46 finesand, loam and silt soil samples, the content of nonexchangeable NH4-N was, on the average, 90 ± 30 ppm ranging from 0 to 190 ppm. In the 84 clay soil samples it ranged from 40 to 620 ppm, with an average of 290 ± 30 ppm. The heavy clay soils of the deeper layers were particularly rich in fixed NH4-N containing it averagely 400 ± 40 ppm. Because of these soils the mean value in the samples of the deeper layers was as high as 260 ± 30 ppm and thus significantly higher than the corresponding figure in the surface soils, 140 ± 40 ppm. In the clay soils the amount of nonexchangeable ammonium was correlated with the clay fraction less than 0.6 μ (r = 0.74***), but not at all with the coarser clay. In the finesand, loam, and silt soils no correlation between the contents of fixed ammonium and clay was detected. No close relationship existed between the indigenous fixed ammonium and the capacity of the soil to fix applied ammonium. If the sum of these quantities would represent the total ammonium fixing capacity of the soil, about one half of this capacity would be saturated by the native fixed ammonium in the topsoil. In the subsoils the rate of saturation would be much lower. In the topsoil samples the amount of nonexchangeable NH4-N corresponded in the non-clay soils to 4 ± 2 per cent and in the clay soils to 9 ± 3 per cent of the Kjeldahl-N. In the subsoil samples the corresponding average percentage was 52 ± 5. The rather low ratios of organic C to Kjeldahl-N in the clay soils of the deeper layers may be taken to indicate that a part of the Kjeldahl-N was not in organic compounds. The C/N-ratios obtained when the amount of nonexchangeable NH4-N is subtracted from the Kjeldahl-N may be too high to characterize the soil organic matter, since it is likely that all the fixed NH4-N was not determined by the Kjeldahl-procedure.

scholarly journals Release of nonexchangeable potassium from Finnish mineral soils

1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Clay Content ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Nonexchangeable Potassium

Release of nonexchangeable potassium by treatment with 1 N HCI at 50°C was studied on basis of a material consisting of 330 samples of Finnish mineral soils. The results ranged from 1 to 830mg K/100g. The mean content of nonexchangeable acid-soluble potassium was in the surface samples of sand and fine sand soils 95±26 mg/100 g, in loam soils 165±31 mg/100 g, in silt soils 195±52 mg/100 g, in clay loam soils 258±32 mg/100 g, in silty clay soils 283±43 mg/100 g, and in heavy clay soils 345±126 mg/100 g. In the subsoil samples of loam, clay loam, silty clay and heavy clay soils the mean content was significantly higher than in the surface samples, or 283±51 mg/100 g, 404±56 mg/100 g, 535±53 mg/100 g, and 580±37 mg/100 g, respectively. The results seem to be high as compared with data reported from Sweden, Norway and Germany. The content of nonexchangeable potassium released by acid was to some extent connected with the clay content: the correlation coefficient in the whole material was r = 0.74***, but only about 0.5*** both in the separate groups of the 178 nonclay samples and the 152 clay samples. There was only a very low correlation between the contents of nonexchangeable acid-soluble potassium and readily exchangeable potassium. A somewhat higher correlation, r = 0.65***, was found for the relationship between the former and fixation of added potassium under »wet» conditions, but it was markedly decreased by the elimination of the effect of the clay content. Nonexchangeable acid-soluble potassium usually represented a lower part of the total potassium in the surface samples than in the subsoil samples, and also the proportion tended to be higher in the clay soils than in the coarser soils. It varied from 0.2 to 26.3 per cent in the small material studied. In most cultivated soils less nonexchangeable potassium was released from the samples of plough layer than from samples of deeper layers. In a podsol profile the minimum content of nonexchangeable and exchangeable potassium and the maximum of fixation of added potassium was found in the A2 horizon; in a brown podsolic soil all these test values decreased fairly regularly with depth. From some silt and silty clay soils incubated for three months at room temperature a large part, even more than 40 per cent of the added potassium was not recovered by the acid extraction. Ammonium acetate extracted from 9 to 85 per cent of the potassium applied before incubation, and the part of added potassium found as nonexchangeable acid-soluble form varied from 5 to 53 per cent. The equilibrium between the different potassium fractions in soil was discussed. It was supposed that differences in the ability of plants to utilize nonexchangeable potassium may partly depend on the level to which plant roots are able to decrease potassium concentration in the solution around the minerals.

scholarly journals Determination of critical pH and Al concentration of acidic Ultisols for wheat and canola crops

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulaha-Al Baquy ◽  
Jiu-Yu Li ◽  
Chen-Yang Xu ◽  
Khalid Mehmood ◽  
Ren-Kou Xu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hydrated Lime ◽  
Dry Land

Abstract. Soil acidity has become a serious constraint in dry land crop production systems of acidic Ultisols in tropical and subtropical regions of southern China, where winter wheat and canola are cultivated as important rotational crops. Regardless of other common existing concerns in acidic Ultisols of southern China, it needs to be investigated whether soil acidity has any effect on wheat and canola growth. There is little information on the determination of critical soil pH as well as aluminium (Al) concentration for wheat and canola crops. The objective of this study was to determine the critical soil pH and exchangeable aluminium concentration (AlKCl) for wheat and canola production. Two pot cultures with two Ultisols from Hunan and Anhui were conducted for wheat and canola crops in a controlled growth chamber, with a completely randomized design. A soil pH gradient ranging from 3.7 (Hunan) and 3.97 (Anhui) to 6.5, with three replications, was used as a treatment. Aluminium sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) and hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) were used to obtain the target soil pH levels. Plant height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of wheat and canola were adversely affected by soil acidity in both locations. The critical soil pH and AlKCl of the Ultisol from Hunan for wheat were 5.29 and 0.56 cmol kg−1, respectively. At Anhui, the threshold soil pH and AlKCl for wheat were 4.66 and 2.36 cmol kg−1, respectively. On the other hand, the critical soil pH for canola was 5.65 and 4.87 for the Ultisols from Hunan and Anhui, respectively. The critical soil exchangeable Al for canola cannot be determined from the experiment of this study. The results suggested that the critical soil pH and AlKCl varied between different locations for the same variety of crop, due to the different soil types and their other soil chemical properties. The critical soil pH for canola was higher than that for wheat for both Ultisols, thus canola was more sensitive to soil acidity. Therefore, we recommend that liming should be undertaken to increase soil pH if it falls below these critical soil pH levels for wheat and canola production.

scholarly journals Sulphur status in Finnish cultivated soils

1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-215
Author(s):  
Johan Korkman
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Induction Furnace ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Total Sulphur ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Sulphur Uptake ◽  
Cultivated Soils

A method for determining total sulphur in plant material and soil samples using the induction furnace technique and subsequent turbidimetric determination of sulphate sulphur was discussed. A procedure for extracting sulphur from soil samples with ammonium acetate (pH 4.65), the interference of the organic matter being reduced by oxidation of the extract with H2O2, was proposed. Sulphur balance in Finnish cultivated soils was estimated by taking into account the average amounts of emitted (8 kg S/ha/yr.), precipitated (8 kg S/ha/yr.) and leached (8 kg S/ha/yr.) sulphur. The actual situation in the cultivated soils seems thus to be depending, on an average, on the uptake by plants and the sulphur applied (12 kg S/ha/yr. in the early 1970s). In 104 samples of cultivated soil, the content of total sulphur showed a slight correlation with the content of organic carbon. The amounts of sulphur extracted in various ways were not predictable by means of the soil characteristics used (pHCaCl2, org. C and texture). Extracted sulphur did not correlate sufficiently with the development and sulphur uptake of plants. Under field conditions in northern Finland, sulphur application produced a relatively distinct result in respect both to the ley yields on Carex peat, and their sulphur content. On mineral soils in southern Finland the yields were unaffected by supplementary fertilization with sulphur. In the pot experiments performed a fairly close relationship between sulphur and nitrogen was demonstrated.

scholarly journals Influence of brick manufacturing on phosphorus and sulfur in different agro-ecological soils of Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-131
Author(s):  
Reshma Akter ◽  
Md Jamal Uddin ◽  
Md Faruque Hossain ◽  
Zakia Parveen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Maximum Accumulation ◽  
Brick Kilns ◽  
Total P

A study was carried out to evaluate the effects of brick manufacturing on phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) concentrations in soil and plant collected from different distances of brick kilns in four AEZs of Bangladesh. Forty eight composite soil samples (0 - 15 cm depth) were collected from 48 points in 12 different sites at 0 m, 300 m, 800 m and 1500 m from brick kilns, where most (site 2, site 3, site 5, site 6, site 7, site 9 and site 10) of the brick kilns used coal for brick burning purposes. Plant samples (rice straw and different vegetables) were also collected from the respective fields except 0 m distances. Significantly (p ? 0.05) lower organic matter, cation exchange capacity, clay content and soil pH were found at 0 m distances compared to other distances. Highest concentration of total P in soil were recorded at 0 m distances and these concentrations decreased with increasing distances from the brick kilns in most of the sites; whereas available P is significantly lower at 0 m distances than that of other distances. Total and available concentration of S in soil followed the trend 0 m>300 m>800 m>1500 m. Maximum accumulation of P (69.15 mg kg-1) and S (0.14%) in plant was found at 800 m away from the brick kiln.Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 29(2): 123-131, December-2016

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