scholarly journals Fixation of potassium in Finnish soils

1965 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-126
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
The Mean

The fixation of potassium in Finnish soils was studied on the basis of a material consisting of 265 samples from various parts of the country. A »wet method» was employed in which 2.5 me K was added per 100 g soil, and the fixation against the extraction with neutral N ammonium acetate was determined after a period of contact of one hour. The average fixation in the 135 samples of surface soils was 0.38 ± 0.03 me K/100 g soil, and in the 130 subsoil samples 0.77 ± 0.09 me/100 g soil, or about 15 and 30 per cent of the added potassium, respectively. In the groups of the surface samples the mean values increased with the increasing content of clay from 0.25 ± 0.04 me K/100 g soil in the finesand soils to 0.56 ± 0.03 me K/100 g soil in the samples of heavy clay containing at least 60 per cent of the fraction < 2 μ. In the groups of the subsoil samples the corresponding mean values were 0.33 ± 0.24 and 1.04 ± 0.15 me K/100 g soil. In the surface soils the results ranged from 0.09 me K/100 g in a finesand soil to 1.27 me K/100 g in a clay loam, and in the subsoil samples from 0 in a sandy clay soil to 1.80 me K/100 g in one sample of clay loam and one sample of silty clay. The fixation was positively correlated with the contents of finer clay

scholarly journals Release of nonexchangeable potassium from Finnish mineral soils

1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Clay Content ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Nonexchangeable Potassium

Release of nonexchangeable potassium by treatment with 1 N HCI at 50°C was studied on basis of a material consisting of 330 samples of Finnish mineral soils. The results ranged from 1 to 830mg K/100g. The mean content of nonexchangeable acid-soluble potassium was in the surface samples of sand and fine sand soils 95±26 mg/100 g, in loam soils 165±31 mg/100 g, in silt soils 195±52 mg/100 g, in clay loam soils 258±32 mg/100 g, in silty clay soils 283±43 mg/100 g, and in heavy clay soils 345±126 mg/100 g. In the subsoil samples of loam, clay loam, silty clay and heavy clay soils the mean content was significantly higher than in the surface samples, or 283±51 mg/100 g, 404±56 mg/100 g, 535±53 mg/100 g, and 580±37 mg/100 g, respectively. The results seem to be high as compared with data reported from Sweden, Norway and Germany. The content of nonexchangeable potassium released by acid was to some extent connected with the clay content: the correlation coefficient in the whole material was r = 0.74***, but only about 0.5*** both in the separate groups of the 178 nonclay samples and the 152 clay samples. There was only a very low correlation between the contents of nonexchangeable acid-soluble potassium and readily exchangeable potassium. A somewhat higher correlation, r = 0.65***, was found for the relationship between the former and fixation of added potassium under »wet» conditions, but it was markedly decreased by the elimination of the effect of the clay content. Nonexchangeable acid-soluble potassium usually represented a lower part of the total potassium in the surface samples than in the subsoil samples, and also the proportion tended to be higher in the clay soils than in the coarser soils. It varied from 0.2 to 26.3 per cent in the small material studied. In most cultivated soils less nonexchangeable potassium was released from the samples of plough layer than from samples of deeper layers. In a podsol profile the minimum content of nonexchangeable and exchangeable potassium and the maximum of fixation of added potassium was found in the A2 horizon; in a brown podsolic soil all these test values decreased fairly regularly with depth. From some silt and silty clay soils incubated for three months at room temperature a large part, even more than 40 per cent of the added potassium was not recovered by the acid extraction. Ammonium acetate extracted from 9 to 85 per cent of the potassium applied before incubation, and the part of added potassium found as nonexchangeable acid-soluble form varied from 5 to 53 per cent. The equilibrium between the different potassium fractions in soil was discussed. It was supposed that differences in the ability of plants to utilize nonexchangeable potassium may partly depend on the level to which plant roots are able to decrease potassium concentration in the solution around the minerals.

Total elements in forest soils affected by acid deposition in southern Quebec

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Q. Lin ◽  
W. H. Hendershot ◽  
P. H. Schuepp ◽  
G. G. Kennedy ◽  
P. Dutilleul
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Major And Trace Elements ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Element Concentrations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Element Enrichment

Major and trace elements (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd Co, Cr Cs, Cu Eu Fe, Hf, K, La, Lu, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Si, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, Ti, U, V, Yb and Zn) in forest soils from three acid-deposition-affected locations in southern Quebec were investigated. Total element concentrations in the surface layer (0–20 cm) of the Podzolic soils were mostly well within the range of element concentrations in Podzols reported worldwide but showed higher mean values for most elements. The mean concentrations of elements (except Zn, at 124 μg g−1) were also generally comparable to the respective elemental baseline data established for Canadian soils. Element concentrations (μg g−1) of Cs (6.2) Sc (19 8) V (106) Rb (194) K (26 500) and Al (76 900) in the surface soils were significantly higher at the 940-m elevation than the concentrations from the sites at 650 and 770 m along the Roundtop Mountain slope, but Ca (1120) and Ni (4.4) were lowest at the 940-m elevation A similar trend with elevation was not observed at the other mountain location (White Peak). Enrichment-factor (EF) analysis showed significant element enrichment (EF ≥ 10) for Cd, Rb and Sb but impoverishment (EF ≤ 0.1) for Ca, Cu and Ni in topsoils. Key words: Major and trace elements, surface soils, acid deposition

scholarly journals Measurements of Texture of Soils Formed from Glaciolimnic Sediments by Areometric Method, Pipette Method and Laser Diffraction Method

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosław Orzechowski ◽  
Sławomir Smó;lczyński ◽  
Jacek Długosz ◽  
Paweł Pozniak
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Laser Diffraction ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Fine Silt ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The aim of the research was to compare the results of texture analyses of glaciolimnic sediments deposited in the basins of ice-dammed lakes origin in north eastern Poland. The study was carried out using aerometric method, pipette method and laser diffraction method. The studied soils were classified as Haplic and Mollic Vertisol, Vertic Cambisol, and Gleyic Chernozem. The soils were formed from clayey (clay, heavy clay), loamy (loam, clay loam, sand clay loam) and silty (silt loam, clay loam) deposits. The studied soils did not contain fractions > 2.0 mm. The amounts of clay fraction (< 0.002 mm) measured by areometric and pipette methods were similar and strongly correlated. In comparison to laser diffraction method, these amounts were 3-4-fold higher. The sub-fraction of fine silt (0.02-0.002 mm) predominated in soil formations analyzed by laser diffraction method. In comparison to areometric or pipette method, the amounts of fine silt were 2-4 fold higher. Basing on the calculated sedimentological indices, it was stated that the examined soils were well sorted and the mean grain diameter (GSS) was very low and did not exceed 0.005 mm in areometric and pipette methods, and 0.011 mm in laser diffraction method for clay sediments.

scholarly journals Magnesium-supplying power of some Finnish mineral soils

1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-324
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila ◽  
Helinä Kettunen
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soil ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Initial Content ◽  
Mineral Soils

Uptake of magnesium from a sand, fine sand, muddy clay, silty clay and heavy clay soil under exhaustive cropping with perennial rye grass was studied in green house. An application of 0.5 g Mg as MgSO4 ∙ 7 H2O per the 5-liter pots increased slightly the total yield of rye grass shoots and markedly the amount of Mg harvested in the shoots from the sand and fine sand soils with an initial content of only 14 and 37 ppm exchangeable Mg, respectively. No respond to the application of Mg was detected in the silty clay and heavy clay soils which contained exchangeable Mg 226 and 910 ppm, respectively. The muddy clay soil contained 137 ppm exchangeable Mg, and the application of Mg markedly increased the amount of Mg harvested in the shoots, but brought about a decrease in the yield of shoots. The amount of Mg harvested in the shoots without the application of Mg was only in the sand and fine sand soils higher than the original content of exchangeable Mg. Yet, in all soils except in the muddy clay, the decrease in the content of exchangeable Mg during the cropping was lower than the amount of Mg harvested. This was taken to indicate that some release of nonexchangeable Mg did occur during this trial. According to a rough estimation this mobilization of Mg varied from 0 to 60 ppm, whereas the corresponding release of nonexchangeable K was 500–1000 ppm, except in the sand soil. The »exhaustion Mg», or the sum of Mg harvested in the shoots of rye grass and the exchangeable Mg in the soil after cropping, was in all soils of the same order as the amount of Mg extracted by 0.05 N or 0.1 N HCI from the original soil samples.

scholarly journals A BATHYMETRY-BASED RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION EVALUATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayodele Olanrewaju Ogunlela ◽  
Odunayo Babatunde Omole ◽  
Kamorudeen Olaniyi Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Reservoir Sedimentation ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Soil Sediment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rate Of Sedimentation ◽  
The University

Reservoir sedimentation is a serious problem that normally reduces the capacity of a dam (reservoir) for water storage over a given period of time. This can lead to insufficient availability of water for domestic uses, irrigation and hydropower. This study was conducted to determine the rate of sedimentation, sediment yield and the capacity of the University of Ilorin dam (Ilorin, Nigeria) between June 2007 and June 2014. Geographic Information System (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), canoe and lead-line techniques were used for the measurement of depth of the reservoir of the dam. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to simulate the sediment yield. The initial capacity of the dam after construction in 2007 was 1.800 x 106 m3 but this capacity was reduced to 1.411 x 106 m3 in 2014 due to sedimentation. The sediment was found to be clay soil which covered 389,170 m3 of the reservoir and the mean bulk density of the clay soil sediment was 1139 kg/m3. The mean values of clay, silt and sand contents of the sediment yield were 46.5, 35.6 and 17.9 %, respectively. The annual sediment yield was high in the reservoir due to farming activities at the upstream end of the dam, annual rate of sedimentation was 12.78 m3/ha/yr and sediment yield was 14,557.14 kg/ha/yr. Farming activities should be prevented at the upstream of the dam and dredging should be done every 10 years when 30.87% of the storage capacity would be occupied by sediment.

Persistence of Preemergence Applications of Chlorsulfuron, Metsulfuron, Triasulfuron, and Tribenuron in Three Soils in Greece

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Kotoula-Syka ◽  
Ilias G. Eleftherohorinos ◽  
Athanasios A. Gagianas ◽  
Achilleas G. Sficas
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Loam Soil

A pot bioassay, based on root growth of pregerminated corn, was used to evaluate factors influencing field persistence of chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, triasulfuron, and tribenuron, which were applied preemergence at 0, 10, 20, and 40 g ai ha−1to wheat grown in three soils that differed in texture (sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and silty clay loam) and pH (7.9, 4.7, and 7.6). Residual activity and leaching of all herbicides in all soils increased with increasing rate of application, with the exception of tribenuron which showed practically no residual activity and leaching in sandy clay loam soil. Sunflower sown 4 mo after tribenuron application in all soils was not injured by any rate used but was significantly affected by the other herbicides. Lentil and sugarbeet also were affected by all herbicides in all soils. These three crops sown 8 mo after herbicide application were not affected by any herbicide used in the sandy clay loam soil but were injured by chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron, and metsulfuron in the sandy loam soil. Only lentil and sugarbeet were injured by chlorsulfuron in the silty clay loam soil.

scholarly journals Fertility status of selected soils developed on shale and sandstone parent materials in Odukpani Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Afu S.M ◽  
Olim D.M ◽  
Akpa E. A ◽  
Nwangwu B.C
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Total N ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
Sandy Clay

The study evaluated the fertility status of soils developed on shale and sandstone parent materials in Odukpani LGA of Cross River State as a critical determinant of their proper management and utilization. Four pedons were sunk- two on each parent material and a total of sixteen soil samples were collected from different horizons of the profiles, processed and taken to the laboratory for analysis. Particle size analysis revealed that the texture of the soils of the two-parent materials varied from sandy clay, silty clay,sandy loam to sandy clay. The pH showed that soil of shale parent material was very strongly acidic with surface and subsurface means of 4.25 and 4.36 while that of sandstone was strongly acidic with mean values of 5.0in both top and subsoils. Except for pH, all other chemical properties were higher in shale parent material than in sandstone parent material. Organic carbon had surface and subsurface means of 2.82 g/kg and 0.91 g/kg, 1.71 g/kg and 0.37 g/kg, while total N had surface and subsurface, means 0.13 % and 0.08 %, 0.13 % and 0.03 % in soils of shale and sandstone parent materials respectively. Available P had surface and subsurface means of 19.7 mg/kg and 8.04mg/kg in shale parent material, 11.4 mg/kg and 7.44 mg/kg in sandstone parent materials. Exchangeable Al3+ was higher than H+ in both soils meaning that Al3+ was the primary cause of acidity. ECEC was low in both soils with surface and subsurface means of 10.72cmol/kg and 5.94cmol/kg in shale, 7.23 cmol/kg and 4.56 cmol/kg in sandstone while BS was high with mean values 84.04 % and 76.9 % in shale, 77.02 % and 72.07 % in sandstone representing surface and subsurface soils accordingly. The study revealed that soil developed on shale stone is more fertile than that of sandstone and as such more agronomic inputs and management practices will be required to enhance sustainable production in soils developed on sandstone than their shale stone counterpart.

scholarly journals HERBICIDE SELECTIVITY IN PREEMERGENCE OF SWEET SORGHUM CULTIVATED IN DIFFERENT SOIL TEXTURE

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
MARIUCÉLIO SANTOS LIMA ◽  
CAIO QUERNE DE CARVALHO ◽  
LUCAS MATHEUS PADOVESE ◽  
LUIZ AUGUSTO INOJOSA FERREIRA ◽  
RUBÉM SILVÉRIO DE OLIVERIA JUNIOR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Sorghum ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an interesting alternativefor biomass and ethanol production, however, so far there is very limited knowledge regarding selective herbicide options for weed control in this crop. The objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of preemergence herbicides for sweet sorghum. This research was composed by two steps: in the first one, a greenhouse screening was carried out with several herbicide treatments and in the following step the most selective treatments were evaluated on field conditions. In sandy clay loam texture soil, the treatments involving atrazine (1000 and 2000 g ha-1), amicarbazone (210 g ha-1), trifluralin (500 g ha-1) and flumioxazin (25 g ha-1) provided the greatest levels of selectivity to sweet sorghum. In clay soil (64.7% clay), the treatments with atrazine (1000, 1500 and 2000 g ha-1), amicarbazone (280 g ha-1), S-metolachlor (480 g ha-1), [atrazine + S-metolachlor] ([601+471,2 g ha-1), pendimethalin (500 g ha-1) and imazethapyr (42.4 and 63.6 g ha-1) provided the lowest levels of crop injury, and were considered as the most selective for sweet sorghum. Herbicide treatments applied to sandy clay loam soil provided more injuries to sweet sorghum than those applied to clay soil.

STUDIES ON PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS IN HUMAN PLASMA

1966 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin ◽  
Group A ◽  
Reference Preparation ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Gonadotrophic activity was estimated in individual plasma samples of 46 male and female subjects of all ages. The plasma was extracted by means of an ammonium acetate-ethanol procedure and tested biologically by the mouse uterine weight assay. The values in postmenopausal plasma ranged from 10 to 46 milligram-equivalents of the 2nd International Reference Preparation for Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin per litre. Plasma of men and women in the reproductive years contained 0.6–3.0 and 0.5–2.4 milligram-equivalents of the 2nd IRP per litre. The results in female plasma were assembled according to the day of the menstrual cycle. Though there was no significant difference in the mean values between group A (days 1–9), B (days 10–19) and C (days 20–30), the highest value was observed on the 13th day of the cycle of a 37 years old woman.

Aluminium, extractable from soil samples by the acid ammonium acetate soil-testing method

1968 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
Osmo Mäkitie
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Ammonium Acetate Solution ◽  
Soil Testing ◽  
Acetate Solution ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
The Mean

The extractant, 0.5 M acetic acid –0.5 M ammonium acetate at pH 4.65, which is used in soil-testing, extracts relatively high amounts of aluminium from acid soils. The mean values of acetate-extractable aluminium at pH 4.65, 1.75 meq Al/100 g of soil, and of exchangeable aluminium (M KCI extraction), 0.41 meq Al were obtained from a material of 30 samples of acid soils (Table 2). Several other acetic acid ammonium acetate extractants, from M acetic acid to M ammonium acetate solution were also used for studying the extractability of soil aluminium. The soil-testing extractant can be used for the estimation of the soluble amounts of aluminium in acid soils, however, further studies are needed for a better interpretation of the ammonium acetate extractable (at pH 4.65) aluminium in our soils.

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