scholarly journals Impact of Farm and Non-Farm Micro-Enterprise Diversifications on Household Dietary Diversity in Malawi

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
A. K. Edriss ◽  
A. W. Mehare
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Food Access ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Household Dietary Diversity ◽  
Micro Enterprises

Micro-enterprising is crucial for improving rural households’ food and nutrition status in subsistence agrarian economy like Malawi. There are no studies that have concurrently analyzed the roles of farm and non-farm micro-enterprise diversity on household dietary diversity (proxy measure of household food access) in Malawi. With the following objectives, the study jointly (1) analyzed the effects of farm and non-farm micro-enterprises diversifications on rural household food access, and (2) analyzed relevant socio-economic and institutional factors on household dietary diversity in selected districts of Malawi. Data were collected from 1827 households; whereby 779 households were engaged in some kind of farm and non-farm micro-enterprises in six districts with high concentration of micro-businesses and population densities. Both parametric and parametric descriptive statistics, Poisson and Negative Binomial regressions were used for estimations. Of all the factors associated with household dietary diversity, farm and non-farm enterprise diversity, as well as expenditure on food items had played major roles in influencing household dietary diversity. Increasing farm and non-farm micro-enterprise diversity by one micro-business group is associated with the possibility of consuming or having access to all 12 groups of food by the households. Holding other things constant, it is surprisingly found that nutrition education (34.2%, ρ=0.000<0.001) influenced household food dietary diversity more than household heads with formal education (average 5 years of schooling); suggesting that nutrition education, if directly delivered to the household heads regardless of their formal education level, is one of the major factors that can positively and significantly affect household dietary diversity in Malawi. These results also resonate to the Government of Malawi’s overarching policy goal of furthering income-generating social and economic activities in order to become less reliant on hand-outs and donors at large. Besides increasing only starchy staple food or monotonous cereal-based diet through various agricultural subsidy programmes, such micro-enterprising programs are also needed to enhance by targeting energy and nutritious food supply that are essential if the country is aiming to expand its industry and service sector with healthy population.

scholarly journals Determinants of household food security and dietary diversity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Satyajit Kundu ◽  
Md. Hasan Al Banna ◽  
Abu Sayeed ◽  
Mst. Sadia Sultana ◽  
Keith Brazendale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Household Dietary Diversity

Abstract Objectives: The study aimed to determine the associated factors of household food security (HFS) and household dietary diversity (HDD) during the COVID−19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Design: Both online survey and face-to-face interviews were employed in this cross-sectional study. The Household Food Security Scale and Household Dietary Diversity Score were used to access HFS and HDD, respectively. The HDD scores were derived from a 24-h recall of food intake from 12 groups. Setting: Bangladesh. Participants: A total sample of 1876 households were recruited. Results: The overall mean scores of HFS and HDD were 31·86 (sd 2·52) and 6·22 (sd 5·49), respectively. Being a rural resident, having no formal education, occupation of household head other than government job and low monthly income were potential determinants of lower HFS and HDD. Approximately 45 % and 61 % of Bangladeshi households did not get the same quantity and same type of food, respectively, as they got before the pandemic. Over 10 % of respondents reported that they lost their job or had to close their businesses, and income reduction was reported by over 70 % of household income earners during the COVID-19 pandemic, which in turn was negatively associated with HFS and HDD. Conclusion: Household socio-economic variables and COVID-19 effects on occupation and income are potential predictors of lower HFS and HDD scores. HFS and HDD deserve more attention during this pandemic particularly with reference to low-earning households and the households whose earning persons’ occupation has been negatively impacted during the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Exploring Food Security and Household Dietary Diversity in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1851
Author(s):  
Priviledge Cheteni ◽  
Yohane Khamfula ◽  
Gisele Mah
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Binary Model ◽  
Food Security Status ◽  
Food Consumption Score ◽  
Household Dietary Diversity

Food security is one of the most severe challenges facing the majority of African countries. The objective of this study was to explore household food dietary diversity and food security in a rural area in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. A total of 296 household heads were randomly sampled to participate in the study. The Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) and Household Food Consumption Score (HFCS) were used to identify the consumption patterns of the households and their food security status. Meanwhile, a binary model was used to identify the variables that had an impact on household food security. Findings from the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) revealed that 61 percent of the households had lower dietary diversity and were consuming at least three food groups, which mainly include pulses, milk, and cereals. The results from the Household Food Consumption Score (HFCS), however, showed that the majority of the households had adequate levels of food consumption. The binary model revealed that age, household income, access to credit, and gender are statistically significant in influencing household food security status in the study area. It can be concluded that household dietary diversity is not guaranteed by food security, as proven by the regression model. Therefore, the government should consider the impact of low income on food security and it should intensify efforts directed at helping rural households to reduce incidences of food insecurity.

The Effect of Productive Safety Net Programme on Household Food Consumption and Dietary Diversity in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mebratu Feyisa
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Education Status ◽  
Household Food Consumption ◽  
Household Dietary Diversity ◽  
Household Dietary Diversity Score

This study empirically investigates the effect of productive safety net programme (PSNP) on household food consumption and dietary diversity in Ethiopia. The study applied random effects with instrumental variable to estimate the effect of PSNP membership. The result of the study indicates that though PSNP membership improves household food consumption, it reduces household dietary diversity score. Household food consumption and dietary diversity are also significantly influenced by sex, age, education status of household head, household size, livestock ownership, distance to the nearest market and participation in non-farm activities. The findings of this study suggest that PSNP membership should be reinforced by building household awareness of the benefits of consuming a variety of foods. In addition, PSNP membership should be designed to endow the households to accumulate essential assets, especially livestock.

scholarly journals Does Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture Contribute to Household Food Security? An Assessment of the Food Security Status of Households in Tongaat, eThekwini Municipality

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nolwazi Khumalo ◽  
Melusi Sibanda
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Access ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Food Security Status ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Food Shortages

Regardless of the steady increase in the economic growth of South Africa, poverty levels and food insecurity have not declined as one would have anticipated. Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) presents an opportunity as a livelihood strategy to alleviate poverty and ensure household food security within the urban and peri-urban spheres. However, less research has been done in this area to discover the contribution of UPA on households’ food security. This paper assesses the food security status of households that practised any form of UPA activities (later on referred to the rest of this paper as UPA practising households) and those that did not (later on referred to the rest of this paper as non-UPA practising households) within the Tongaat peri-urban area of eThekwini Municipality. The specific objectives of the paper are to estimate the household food security status of the UPA practising households vis-à-vis the non-UPA practising households and to elicit the reasons associated with the practice of UPA activities. Two hundred and eight (208) households (that is 109 and 99 UPA and non-UPA practising households respectively) were selected using a stratified random sampling procedure. The Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) and Household Food Insecurity Access Score (HFIAS) measures were employed to estimate a household’s food security status. A probit regression analysis was used to elicit the reasons associated with the practice of UPA activities by households. A non-parametric independent samples test (Mann-Whitney U) was used to compare whether there were significant differences between the two groups. A Pearson Chi-Square test reveals that the employment status, access to arable land, land tenure (ownership rights or arable land) and household monthly income variables were statistically significantly associated with the food security status (in terms of HDDS) of households. The results from the HDDS tool, show that a greater proportion (54%) of the UPA practising households consumed >6 food groups (deemed to be food secure in terms of dietary access) as compared to their counterparts, the non-UPA practising households (40%) in the same food group. However, the Mann-Whitney U test (U = 5292, p = 0.808) show that there was no significant difference from this data in terms of the dietary diversity (HDDS) of the two groups. The HFIAS measure reveal that a greater proportion (about 72%) of the UPA practising households indicated that they never or rarely worried about food shortages (deemed to be food secure in terms of food access) as compared to their counterparts—the non-UPA practising households (about 61%) that never or rarely worried about food shortages. The Mann-Whitney U test (U = 4118.5, p = 0.001) show that there was a significant difference in terms of food access (HFIAS) of the two groups. Overall, the results show that although UPA practising households seemed to be better off in terms of food access as compared to the non-UPA households, the results are inconclusive or show no evidence that a significant difference existed concerning dietary diversity of the two groups. The probit regression analysis shows that the variable arable land size (p = 0.000) has a positive correlation with the practice of any UPA activity. In order for UPA to enhance the household food security status (particularly in terms of dietary diversity) within the peri-urban spheres, an integrated approach (with agricultural land support from government and city planners) together with the diversification of high-value UPA activities by households is paramount.

scholarly journals Participation in a Nutrition Education and Demonstration Program in Rural Senegal Is Associated with Higher Household Dietary Diversity

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 900-900
Author(s):  
Hannah Sanders ◽  
Scott Ickes
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Demonstration Program ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Household Dietary Diversity

Abstract Objectives We conducted a non-randomized evaluation of a nutrition education program delivered by Soins de Santé Primaire in rural Senegal to identify the impact of participation on household dietary diversity scores (HDDS). We also sought to understand participant's perceptions of program strengths and weaknesses. Women participated in a single education session that emphasized hygiene, selecting from a variety of food groups, risk awareness of diet-related non-communicable diseases, and a recipe demonstration of a locally-sourced, balanced meal. We hypothesized that program participation would be associated with increased HDDS. Methods We surveyed 20 female program participants sampled from two communities and compared their responses with 20 women sampled from two non-intervention communities (n = 40). Surveys collected 24-hour dietary recall to calculate a dietary diversity score using the 12-point HDDS scale. The mean difference in HDDS was evaluated between post-program and comparison groups using linear regression. Models controlled for household size, employment, education, marital status, and the Food Insecurity Experience Scale. We conducted key informant interviews with post-program participants (n = 19) to understand message recall, reported behavior change, and feedback for future sessions. Results Women in intervention households reported higher HDDS than comparison households [Mean (SE) = 9.0 (0.39) vs. 7.65 (0.24), P = .003]. In the adjusted model, program participation was positively associated with HDDS (β = 1.16, P = .041). Household food insecurity was associated with lower HDDS (β = −0.52, P = .024). Program participants recalled the importance of reducing bouillon cube usage and eating from each food group. Participants reported changes in food preparation and hygiene routines, such as adding more beans or vegetables and changing dirty dishwater often. The key improvement suggestion was to increase session frequency and expand education on hygiene and sanitation. Conclusions Low intensity nutrition education programs that include meal demonstrations may be a low-cost, effective method for improving dietary diversity among a population with moderate food insecurity in rural Senegal. Funding Sources World Renew, Services Luthériens pour le Developpement au Sénégal, and the Wheaton Human Needs and Global Resources Program.

scholarly journals Prevalence of undernutrition and its associated factors among pregnant women in Konso district, southern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study

BMC Nutrition ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deyganto Gergito Gelebo ◽  
Mathewos Alemu Gebremichael ◽  
Gistane Ayele Asale ◽  
Dessalegn Ajema Berbada
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Food

Abstract Background Undernutrition during pregnancy is an important public health problem. It is highly prevalent in Ethiopia but not sufficiently addressed yet. Hence, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of undernutrition and its associated factors among pregnant mothers in Konso district, Ethiopia. Methods Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted with a qualitative inquiry from December 2018 to January 2019. A multistage stratified sampling technique was used to select 527 subjects and quantitative data were collected from these subjects using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and additionally qualitative data were generated through two focus group discussions among purposely selected discussants. Mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) was measured by standard non-stretchable MUAC tape. Data were entered into Epi-data version3.1 and analyzed by SPSS version 21. In multivariable binary logistic regression, a statistically significant association was declared at p-value < 0.05 while thematic framework analysis was employed for the qualitative data. Results Among 501 participants, the overall prevalence of undernutrition (MUAC < 23 cm) was 43.1% (95% CI 38.7–47.5%). Household food security (AOR = 3.1; 95% CI: 2.1–4.6), low dietary diversity score (AOR = 4.9; 95% CI: 2.6–9.2), medium dietary diversity score (AOR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.2–4.7), absence of latrine (AOR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2–2.6) and having family resource decision making by husband only (AOR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.1–2.6) were significantly associated factors. Traditional believes to restrict food such as egg, milk, and milk products, avocado for women, weak nutrition education and malnutrition screening program, daily consumption of locally prepared alcoholic drink called “Cheka”, drought-prone nature of this setting, traditional way of farming practices and low socio-economic status were found to be barriers for women’s undernutrition. Conclusions The prevalence of undernutrition was found to be higher than previously reported findings. Household food security, dietary diversity, latrine availability, family resource decision making, food restrictions, weak maternal nutrition education, and malnutrition screening program, the practice of depending on a local alcoholic drink called “Cheka”, drought, traditional way of farming and low socio-economic status were identified factors. Hence, interventions targeting maternal nutrition education, hygiene, and sanitation promotion, household food insecurity improvement strategies should be implemented to improve the nutritional status of pregnant women.

scholarly journals Household Food Insecurity and Dietary Diversity Among Kenyan Households During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 241-241
Author(s):  
Harriet Okronipa ◽  
Elizabeth Bageant ◽  
Lia Mojica ◽  
Horace Owiti ◽  
Patrick Otuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Household Food Insecurity ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Mcnemar’S Test ◽  
Household Dietary Diversity ◽  
Mcnemar's Test

Abstract Objectives This study compares 1) household food insecurity and 2) household dietary diversity before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and 3) examines self-reported coping strategies among three communities around Lake Victoria, Kenya. Methods We conducted in-person home interviews with 90 randomly selected households in March 2020 prior to the first reported case of COVID-19 in Kenya and followed up with 88 of these same households by phone in June 2020 during COVID-19. We assessed household food insecurity status using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and assessed dietary diversity using the Household Dietary Diversity Score. We compared differences in household food insecurity scores and prevalence across time using the paired T-test and McNemar's test, respectively. We compared household dietary diversity scores and the proportion of households consuming each food group across time using the Wilcoxon signed rank test and McNemar's test for paired samples, respectively. Results The prevalence of severe food insecurity increased from 82% before COVID-19 to 91% during COVID-19 (P = 0.03) and household dietary diversity scores fell from 9.5 ± 1.5 to 8.6 ± 1.5 (P &lt; 0.001). Households coped by reducing their food intake at mealtimes, borrowing money from family and friends, and purchasing food on credit. Conclusions These findings demonstrate a high and growing level of vulnerability faced by these communities. Strategies to address food insecurity and access to diverse foods during the COVID-19 pandemic are urgently needed. Funding Sources Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability

scholarly journals Food purchase patterns indicative of household food access insecurity, children’s dietary diversity and intake, and nutritional status using a newly developed and validated tool in the Peruvian Amazon

Food Security ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 999-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramya Ambikapathi ◽  
Jessica D. Rothstein ◽  
Pablo Peñataro Yori ◽  
Maribel Paredes Olortegui ◽  
Gwenyth Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Food Access ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Peruvian Amazon ◽  
Food Purchase ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Purchase Patterns

scholarly journals Caregivers’ nutrition knowledge and attitudes are associated with household food diversity and children’s animal source food intake across different agro-ecological zones in Ghana

2015 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron K. Christian ◽  
Grace S. Marquis ◽  
Esi K. Colecraft ◽  
Anna Lartey ◽  
Owuraku Sakyi-Dawson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Nutrition Knowledge ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Animal Source ◽  
Household Dietary Diversity ◽  
Agro Ecological Zones

AbstractCaregivers’ nutrition knowledge and attitudes may influence the variety of foods available in the household and the quality of children’s diets. To test the link, this study collected data on caregivers’ (n 608) nutrition knowledge and feeding attitudes as well as the diets of their household and of their 2–5-year-old children in twelve rural communities nested in the three main agro-ecological zones of Ghana. Household foods and children’s animal source foods (ASF) consumed in the past 7 d were categorised into one of fourteen and ten groups, respectively. About 28 % of caregivers believed that their children needed to be fed only 2–3 times/d. Reasons for having adult supervision during child meal times, feeding diverse foods, prioritising a child to receive ASF and the perceived child benefits of ASF differed across zones (P<0·001). Households with caregivers belonging to the highest tertile of nutrition knowledge and attitude scores consumed more diverse diets compared with those of caregivers in the lowest tertile group (11·2 (sd 2·2) v. 10·0 (sd 2·4); P<0·001). After controlling for the effect of agro-ecological zone, caregivers’ nutrition knowledge and feeding attitudes positively predicted household dietary diversity and the frequency and diversity of children’s ASF intakes (P<0·001). The number of years of formal education of caregivers also positively predicted household dietary diversity and children’s ASF diversity (P<0·001). A key component to improving child nutrition is to understand the context-specific nutrition knowledge and feeding attitudes in order to identify relevant interventions.

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