scholarly journals Permafrost Regions In Transition: Introduction

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-8
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Streletskiy ◽  
Alexey A. Maslakov ◽  
Irina D. Streletskaya ◽  
Frederick E. Nelson

Russian permafrost regions are unparalleled in extent, history of development, population presence, and the scale of economic activities. This special issue, «Permafrost Regions in Transition», provides a timely opportunity to (a) examine major issues associated with changing permafrost conditions in natural environments and areas of economic development; (b) present insights into new methods of permafrost investigations; and (c) describe new opportunities and risks threatening sustainable development of Arctic populations and industrial centers in Russia. The issue begins with papers focused on methods of permafrost research, followed by papers focused on examining changes in permafrost under natural conditions, and in Arctic settlements. The last two papers examine potential impacts of permafrost degradation on the Russian economy and potential health implications.

Author(s):  
Gisselly Poliana Santos Muniz ◽  
Claudio Eduardo De Castro

THE PRODUCTION OF SPACE AND TOURISM IN CAROLINA - MARANHÃOLA PRODUCCIÓN DEL ESPACIO Y EL TURISMO EN CAROLINA - MARANHÃORESUMONeste artigo apresenta-se o contexto de Carolina, Maranhão, ante o turismo de natureza que pensa-se ecoturístico, cujos resultados se refletem no social e ambiental do espaço geográfico, o qual possui uma dinâmica de ocupação e de produção e (re)produção envolto de aspectos históricos que o consolidaram dentro da história do Estado. Outrora identificado por ser um importante entreposto comercial do rio Tocantins, apresenta atualmente outros usos, que agregam nova valorização ao espaço do município, a exemplo do turismo. A metodologia adotada para a compreensão desse processo incluiu além da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, o levantamento de campo e cartográfico, e entrevistas. Os resultados mostraram que o turismo em Carolina é uma das principais atividades econômicas e que tem crescido apesar dos problemas de ordenamento territorial, infraestrutura, degradação de ambientes naturais e aumento no número de atrativos nos últimos anos sem planejamento ou gestão que garantam um uso racional focado em sustentabilidade. Nesse sentido, foi possível concluir que a atividade turística é de suma importância para a economia municipal, mas que precisa da aplicação de políticas públicas para a organização do uso e cooperação entre os agentes da atividade.Palavras-chave: Turismo; Espaço; Carolina-MA.ABSTRACTThis article presents the context in Carolina, Maranhão, before the tourism of nature that is thought to be ecotourism, whose results are reflected in the social and environmental of the geographic space, which has a dynamic of occupation and production and (re)production of the space surrounded by historical aspects that consolidated it within the history of the State of Maranhão. Previously identified as an important commercial warehouse on the Tocantins River, it currently presents other uses, which add new value to the city's space, such as tourism. The methodology adopted to understand this process included bibliographical and documentary review, field and cartographic survey, and interviews. The results showed that tourism in Carolina is one of the main economic activities and that it has grown with problems of territorial planning, degradation of natural environments and increase in the number of attractions in recent years without planning. In this sense, it was possible to conclude that the activity is of great importance for the municipal economy, but that it needs the application of public policies for the organization of the use by the tourism and cooperation between the agents of the activity.Keywords: Turism; Space; Carolina-MA.RESUMENEn este artículo se presenta el contexto del turismo de naturaleza en Carolina, cuyos resultados se reflejan en los aspectos sociales y ambientales del espacio geográfico. Antes identificado por ser un importante almacén comercial del río Tocantins, presenta actualmente otros usos, como el turístico, que agregan una nueva valorización al espacio del municipio. La metodología adoptada para la comprensión de este proceso incluyó la revisión bibliográfica y documental, levantamiento de campo y cartográfico, y realización de entrevistas. Los resultados mostraron que el turismo en Carolina es una de las principales actividades económicas y que ha crecido con problemas de ordenación territorial, degradación de ambientes naturales y aumento en el número de atractivos en los últimos años sin planificación. En ese sentido, fue posible concluir que la actividad es de suma importancia para la economía municipal, pero que necesita la aplicación de políticas públicas para la organización del uso del espacio por parte del turismo y la cooperación entre los agentes de la actividad.Palabras clave: Turismo; Espacio; Carolina-MA.


Author(s):  
Irina Volkova

The article is dedicated to the development of sanatorium and health resort sphere in Ukraine. The paper estimated reserves of mineral water in Ukraine, defines its main types and studies the activity of basic balneological resorts. The main group of therapeutic mud, their distribution in the country and development of mud resorts on their base are examined. The natural conditions and resources of Ukraine and their suitability for the development of the coastal, highland and lowland climate treatment are described. The article considers the history of development of the major balneological, mud and climatic resorts. The paper analyzes the development of sanatorium and resort infrastructure. The quantitative estimation of spa facilities, their structure, dynamics of development in recent year and their territorial organization in the country are made. The article shows the ranking of regions according to the amount of medical wellness and recreational businesses as well as the number of places in special accommodation facilities. The paper also studies the tourist flows that travel with purpose of rest and treatment. The number of the individuals placed in specialized accommodation facilities, their dynamics in recent years is analyzed as well as their geographic location and ranking of regions in the number of tourist arrivals. The characteristics of inbound tourist flows that travel with the purpose of treatment and rest are given. The paper provides a ranking of countries, from which foreign tourists are coming. The article also characterizes the service staff of spa facilities and the structure of employment. The paper analyzes the income from the health resort activities, its distribution for the various categories of spa facilities and raking of regions according to the income received from health resort activities.


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
Anton A. Anoikin

Purpose. The results of the archaeological work in the Caucasus in the 21st Century indicate that it has been intensively populated since the beginning of the Quaternary Period. The problems of the natural environments in the Early Pleistocene and the material culture of the early Homo are fundamental for understanding the ancient history of the Caucasus. The Late Eopleistocene (Calabrian) in the East Caucasus corresponds to the Apsheron stage of the history of the Caspian Sea (1.7–0.8 Ma). The palaeolandscape of the southeast of Eastern Europe, including the Eastern Caucasus, during this period is comparable to the modern open landscapes in Africa. Palynological data show that in the East Caucasus, the high-altitude zonation of vegetation was already present in the Apsheron; its formation was associated with the tectonic uplift of the Greater Caucasus. The wildlife is characterized by the Taman complex, indicating the adaptation of the steppe fauna to the fall of temperature and increasing humidity of the climate, as well as expansion of the forested areas. Sites of the Apsheron time have been found in several districts of the Caucasus and Ciscaucasia: Central Dagestan (Akusha group of sites), Kurinskaya Depression in Azerbaijan (Garadzha), Lori Plateau in Armenia (Muradovo, Kurtan), South-Georgian Highlands (Amiranis-Gora), Taman Peninsula (Bogatyri, Rodniki-1-4). Results. For the Calabrian, several stone industries are known in the Caucasus – Oldowan/pebble-flake, Early Palaeolithic small tool industry and Early Acheulean. The most expressive early complexes with bifaces date to the end of the Apsheron period and contain a significant number of Oldowan elements (Garadzha). Conclusion. Analysis of the natural conditions and fluctuations of the Caspian palaeobasin shows that the development of archaeological cultures in the eastern part of the Caucasus occurred during stable and favourable natural conditions, and it was of a weak evolutionary character.


Author(s):  
Sara Lorenzini

In the Cold War, “development” was a catchphrase that came to signify progress, modernity, and economic growth. Development aid was closely aligned with the security concerns of the great powers, for whom infrastructure and development projects were ideological tools for conquering hearts and minds around the globe, from Europe and Africa to Asia and Latin America. This book provides a global history of development, drawing on a wealth of archival evidence to offer a panoramic and multifaceted portrait of a Cold War phenomenon that transformed the modern world. Taking readers from the aftermath of the Second World War to the tearing down of the Berlin Wall, the book shows how development projects altered local realities, transnational interactions, and even ideas about development itself. The book shines new light on the international organizations behind these projects—examining their strategies and priorities and assessing the actual results on the ground—and it also gives voice to the recipients of development aid. It shows how the Cold War shaped the global ambitions of development on both sides of the Iron Curtain, and how international organizations promoted an unrealistically harmonious vision of development that did not reflect local and international differences. The book presents a global perspective on Cold War development, demonstrating how its impacts are still being felt today.


2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 2358-2371
Author(s):  
S.A. Moskal'onov

Subject. The article addresses the history of development and provides the criticism of existing criteria for aggregate social welfare (on the simple exchange economy (the Edgeworth box) case). Objectives. The purpose is to develop a unique classification of criteria to assess the aggregate social welfare. Methods. The study draws on methods of logical and mathematical analysis. Results. The paper considers strong, strict and weak versions of the Pareto, Kaldor, Hicks, Scitovsky, and Samuelson criteria, introduces the notion of equivalence and constructs orderings by Pareto, Kaldor, Hicks, Scitovsky, and Samuelson. The Pareto and Samuelson's criteria are transitive, however, not complete. The Kaldor, Hicks, Scitovsky citeria are not transitive in the general case. Conclusions. The lack of an ideal social welfare criterion is the consequence of the Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem, and of the group of impossibility theorems in economics. It is necessary to develop new approaches to the assessment of aggregate welfare.


2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1896-1915
Author(s):  
E.R. Ermakova ◽  
O.M. Lizina

Subject. The article addresses the specifics of shadow economic activities in reformed Russia in the context of systemic transformations. Objectives. We focus on determining the role of shadow economy in the reproductive process, identifying and understanding the specifics of underground economic activity of the Russian economy. Methods. The study rests on general scientific methods (scientific abstraction, unity of historical and logical, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison and analogy) and special methods of cognition (monetary methods). We employ the systems and integrated approach. The official statistics, regulations, works of leading researchers on shadow economy expansion, resources of reference and legal systems like Garant and ConsultantPlus serve as the study's information base. Results. We present a retrospective rapid analysis of the extent of shadow economic activity in the domestic economy, establishing the relationships with the processes that take place at different stages of the country's development. We also reveal the specifics of shadow economy relations in Russia, factors that play a key role in expansion for a particular period, a shift to another form of shadow economy. The study characterizes the current period of development, assesses the impact of external shocks on shadow economy expansion. Conclusions. The current period is characterized by the digitization of shadow relations, the shift of corruption to the upper echelons of power, the continued outflow of capital abroad, and increased penalties for underground activities.


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