scholarly journals Large-scale geography survey provides insights into the colonization history of a major aphid pest on its cultivated apple host in Europe, North America and North Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-None
Author(s):  
S.G. Olvera-Vazquez ◽  
C. Remoué ◽  
A. Venon ◽  
A. Rousselet ◽  
O. Grandcolas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Colonization History ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Large-scale geographic survey provides insights into the colonization history of a major aphid pest on its cultivated apple host in Europe, North America and North Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.G. Olvera-Vazquez ◽  
C. Remoue ◽  
A. Venon ◽  
A. Rousselet ◽  
O. Grandcolas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
North America ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
The North ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of

With frequent host shifts involving the colonization of new hosts across large geographical ranges, crop pests are good models for examining the mechanisms of rapid colonization. The microbial partners of pest insects may be involved or affected by colonization, which has been little studied so far. We investigated the demographic history of the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea, a major pest of the cultivated apple (Malus domestica) in Europe, North Africa and North America, as well as the diversity of its endosymbiotic bacterial community. We genotyped a comprehensive sample of 714 colonies from Europe, Morocco and the US using mitochondrial (CytB and CO1), bacterial (16s rRNA and TrnpB), and 30 microsatellite markers. We detected five populations spread across the US, Morocco, Western and Eastern Europe, and Spain. Populations showed weak genetic differentiation and high genetic diversity, except the Moroccan and the North American that are likely the result of recent colonization events. Coalescent-based inferences releaved high levels of gene flow among populations during the colonization, but did not allow determining the sequence of colonization of Europe, America and Morroco by D. plantaginea, likely because of the weak genetic differentiation and the occurrence of gene flow among populations. Finally, we found that D. plantaginea rarely hosts any other endosymbiotic bacteria than its obligate nutritional symbiont Buchnera aphidicola. This suggests that secondary endosymbionts did not play any role in the rapid spread of the rosy apple aphid. These findings have fundamental importance for understanding pest colonization processes and implications for sustainable pest control programs.

scholarly journals On the Issue of the Berber Written Tradition

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-248
Author(s):  
E. N. Fursova
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Handwritten Documents ◽  
Linguistic Rights ◽  
Oral Form ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
Private Collections ◽  
Official Status

The article is devoted to the study of the linguistic tradition of the Berbers, who are the indigenous people of North Africa. The Berbers have maintained a rich tradition of spoken language. At the turn of the 20th ‑21st centuries, against the backdrop of the intensification of the movement for self‑determination, their cultural and linguistic rights, the Berbers launched a large‑scale activity aimed at restoring the national written language. The author suggested that the need to develop standardized writing was partly due to the desire of the Berbers to consolidate the official status of their language in the Constitution. The author notes that the aggravation of the so‑called “Berber question” at the end of the 20th century spurred the interest of scientists and researchers in the Berber written heritage. Most of the surviving handwritten documents make Berber texts (mostly religious), recorded using the Arabic alphabet between the 15th and early 20th centuries. The study of conditions for their creation and fields of their application shows that these texts played a significant role in the dissemination of religious and scientific knowledge among the Berbers. It is concluded that despite the use of the predominantly oral form of the language, the Berbers managed to create a unique written tradition. The article discusses in detail the main problems of the study of Berber manuscripts, among which: the requirement from the researcher of serious pre‑knowledge in various fields; the problem of accessibility of texts stored in private collections; the need to develop unified approaches to the description of Berber manuscripts, their digitization and other important arrangements to ensure the availability of documents for the scientific‑research community. Particular attention is paid to the history of the creation of the first collections of Berber manuscripts and their cataloging. The author has also highlighted the work of scientists, who made a qualitative contribution to the study of the Berber manuscripts, most of which have not yet been discovered and carry significant potential aimed at pre‑ serving and enhancing the Berber cultural and historical heritage.

Biogeography and colonization history of plethodontid salamanders from the Interior Highlands of eastern North America

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 410-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel D. Martin ◽  
Donald B. Shepard ◽  
Michael A. Steffen ◽  
John G. Phillips ◽  
Ronald M. Bonett
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Colonization History ◽  
Interior Highlands ◽  
Plethodontid Salamanders ◽  
History Of

The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Cultural Identities ◽  
Regional Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mediterranean World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
A Current

The Phoenicians created the Mediterranean world as we know it-yet they remain a shadowy and poorly understood group. The academic study of the Phoenicians has come to an important crossroads; the field has grown in sheer content, sophistication of analysis, and diversity of interpretation, and we now need a current overview of where the study of these ancient seafarers and craftsman stands and where it is going. Moreover, the field of Phoenician studies is particularly fragmented and scattered. While there is growing interest in all things Phoenician and Punic, the latest advances are mostly published in specialized journals and conference volumes in a plethora of languages. This Handbook is the first of its type to appear in over two decades, and the first ever to appear in English. The chapters (organized in four parts) are written by a wide range of prominent and promising scholars from across Europe, North America, Australia, and the Mediterranean world, who offer readers summary studies and new perspectives on key historical moments (such as the history of Carthage), areas of culture (organized around language, religion, and material culture), regional studies and areas of contact (spanning from the Levant and the Aegean to Iberia and North Africa), and the reception of the Phoenicians as an idea, entangled with the formation of other cultural identities, both ancient and modern.

Recent History of Large-Scale Ecosystem Disturbances in North America Derived from the AVHRR Satellite Record

Ecosystems ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 808-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Potter ◽  
Pang-Ning Tan ◽  
Vipin Kumar ◽  
Chris Kucharik ◽  
Steven Klooster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Recent History ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals When parasites persist: tapeworms survive host extinction and reveal waves of dispersal across Beringia

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1941) ◽  
pp. 20201825
Author(s):  
Kurt E. Galbreath ◽  
Heather M. Toman ◽  
Chenhong Li ◽  
Eric P. Hoberg
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Parasite Lineage ◽  
Late Tertiary ◽  
Historical Reconstructions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Geographic Expansion ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Temporal Overlap

Investigations of intercontinental dispersal between Asia and North America reveal complex patterns of geographic expansion, retraction and isolation, yet historical reconstructions are largely limited by the depth of the record that is retained in patterns of extant diversity. Parasites offer a tool for recovering deep historical insights about the biosphere, improving the resolution of past community-level interactions. We explored biogeographic hypotheses regarding the history of dispersal across Beringia, the region intermittently linking Asia and North America, through large-scale multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of the genus Schizorchis , an assemblage of host-specific cestodes in pikas (Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae). Our genetic data support palaeontological evidence for two separate geographic expansions into North America by Ochotona in the late Tertiary, a history that genomic evidence from extant pikas does not record. Pikas descending from the first colonization of Miocene age persisted into the Pliocene, subsequently coming into contact with a second wave of Nearctic colonists from Eurasia before going extinct. Spatial and temporal overlap of historically independent pika populations provided a window for host colonization, allowing persistence of an early parasite lineage in the contemporary fauna following the extinction of its ancestral hosts. Empirical evidence for ancient ‘ghost assemblages' of hosts and parasites demonstrates how complex mosaic faunas are assembled in the biosphere through episodes of faunal mixing encompassing parasite lineages across deep and shallow time.

scholarly journals Colonization history of the Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) in North America: insights from random forest ABC using microsatellite data

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Lombaert ◽  
Marc Ciosi ◽  
Nicholas J. Miller ◽  
Thomas W. Sappington ◽  
Aurélie Blin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
North America ◽  
Diabrotica Virgifera Virgifera ◽  
Western Corn Rootworm ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Diabrotica Virgifera ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Colonization History ◽  
Marker Loci ◽  
History Of

AbstractFirst described from western Kansas, USA, the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, is one of the worst pests of maize. The species is generally thought to be of Mexican origin and to have incidentally followed the expansion of maize cultivation into North America thousands of years ago. However, this hypothesis has never been investigated formally. In this study, the genetic variability of samples collected throughout North America was analysed at 13 microsatellite marker loci to explore precisely the population genetic structure and colonization history of D. v. virgifera. In particular, we used up-to-date Approximate Bayesian Computation methods based on random forest algorithms to test a Mexican versus a central-USA origin of the species, and to compare various possible timings of colonization. This analysis provided strong evidence that the origin of D. v. virgifera was southern (Mexico, or even further south). Surprisingly, we also found that the expansion of the species north of its origin was recent - probably not before 1100 years ago - thus indicating it was not directly associated with the early history of maize expansion out of Mexico, a far more ancient event.

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