scholarly journals Heracles's weariness and apotheosis in Classical Greek art

Synthesis ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. e042
Author(s):  
Antonio Orlando Dourado Lopes
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Scholarly Work ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Greek Art ◽  
Intellectual Climate

In this paper, I propose a general interpretation of images showing the physical exhaustion and apotheosis of Heracles that were produced during the Classical period. These images appear on or take the form of coins, jewels, vase paintings, and sculptures. Building on the major scholarly work on the subject since the late 19th century, I suggest that the iconography of Heracles shows the influence of new religious and philosophical conceptions of his myth, in particular relating to Pythagoreanism, Orphism, and mystery cults, as well as the intellectual climate of 5th century Athens. Rather than appearing as an example of infinite toil and excess in the manner of earlier literary and iconographic representations, Heracles is presented in the Classical period as a model of virtue and self-restraint and a symbol of the triumph of merit over adversity and divine persecution.

“In True Relations”: Love, Friendship, and Alternative Society in Emerson

Prospects ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 35-60
Author(s):  
Frank M. Meola
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Personal Relationships ◽  
British Society ◽  
Social Connection ◽  
Walter Pater ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Single Moment ◽  
The Subject

At one point in “The Soul of Man Under Socialism,” an essay that deals directly neither with the soul nor with socialism, Oscar Wilde quotes obliquely from Ralph Waldo Emerson:[People] go through their lives in a sort of coarse comfort, like petted animals, without ever realising that they are probably thinking other people's thoughts, living by other people's standards, wearing practically what one may call other people's second-hand clothes, and never being themselves for a single moment. “He who would be free,” says a fine thinker, “must not conform.” And authority, by bribing people to conform, produces a very gross kind of over-fed barbarism among us. (267)That Wilde was attracted to Emersonian nonconformity is not surprising, and the similarities between the two writers are striking. But my reason for citing Wilde, the ur-homosexual and model of iconoclasm, is that I want to show that Emerson is as innovative a thinker as Wilde, and that indeed on the subject of individualism and personal relationships he is far more so. In fact, Wilde can be seen as taking certain ideas of his teacher Walter Pater and giving them an Emersonian and American cast, expressing more openly Pater's cloistered Oxford radicalism. The “Socialism” essay in particular develops strong connections among aestheticism, individualism, and sociopolitical dissent, revealing a strong desire for alternatives to late-19th-century British society. And of course in the case of Pater as well as Wilde, the need for individualism and the quest for new forms of social connection have obvious links to both writers' alternative sexual orientation. What makes Emerson more radical, more, if you will, “queer,” is precisely that he is not arguing for any sexual orientation, but is attempting — many years before the Oxford aesthetes — to create a free space for alternative forms of gender and new forms of personal relationships to develop. Emerson values dis-orientation more than any orientation.

scholarly journals The Ludovisi "throne", the Boston "throne" and the Warren Cup: retrospective works of forgeries?

1970 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 23-51
Author(s):  
Siri Sande
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
History Of Art ◽  
History Of

The Ludovisi and Boston "thrones" are among the most discussed monuments in the history of art. It is here argued that certain details on the "thrones" find their closest parallel artifacts of the Augustan period such as decorative reliefs and candelabra, Arretine ware and silver work: notably the so-called Warren cup in the British Museum. The "thrones" cannot, therefore, be dated to the early Classical period. But does that mean that they are Roman retrospective works? Both the "thrones" and lately also the Warren cup have been regarded by some scholars as forgeries. The author of this article strongly suspects that all three were created in the late 19th century.

scholarly journals The Rock-Carved Tumulus of Nikon in Tisna

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-80
Author(s):  
Özden Ürkmez
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Construction Technique ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

Tisna, one of the lesser-known ancient cities of the Aeolis region, has been studied in detail since 2018. The first studies carried out in the region since the end of the 19th century localized the region in the Kocakale Tepe - Sarıkale Tepe - Mantar Tepe triangle as Tisna. It is understood that the center of the city is Sarıkale Tepe. The name Tisna first appears on the coins of the 4th century BC in the region. From the Roman era, the city is called Titanus. One of the most important features of the city is that it is surrounded by necropoleis. There are different types of tombs in the necropoleis, especially located on the southern and western slopes. One of these tomb types is the Tumuli. However, as a result of our investigation, it was understood that these tumuli had a different structure from the classic tumuli. We named this type of tomb, in which a rock tomb is covered with a masonry hill, the Rock-Carved Tumulus. The subject of this article is Nikon's rock-carved tumulus, which is understood to be one of such tombs in the region. Our evaluations on the tomb, which has a unique feature in terms of construction technique, indicate that it must belong to the Late Classical period, perhaps to the early 4th century.

Martin Luther’s Reformatory Discovery

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietrich Korsch
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Logical Structure ◽  
Theological Reflection ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Core ◽  
Final Development ◽  
God's Word ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Historical Question ◽  
The Church

In the debate on Luther’s Reformatory Discovery two elements come together: the systematic question of how to determine the essential content of reformatory theology, that is, the core of Reformation itself, and the historical question of the point in his life at which Luther reached this insight. The debate arose first in the late 19th century, when the essence of Protestantism was brought into question and scholars tried to find an answer in the writings of Luther himself. This historical and methodological conjunction leads to different results concerning both the religious content of the discovery and the date when Luther discovered it. Two main answers have been given. The first supposes that it is the logical structure of self-annihilation and divine affirmation that is specifically reformatory. Luther came to this insight during his first lecture on Psalms, about 1514. This means that he certainly knew what his new theology contained when the indulgences controversy broke out. The second theory underscores that Luther had to establish a kind of outward kerygmatic reality in order to make the inner conflict and contradiction of sentiments acceptable. He reached this position only in 1518, that is, after the beginning of the controversy over indulgences in 1517. Therefore, the final development of Luther’s reformatory insight took place in the confrontation with the ecclesiastical powers of his day. For many years the debate focused upon a late text by Luther, namely, the preface of the first volume of his Latin works in 1545. It has to be admitted that Luther offered there his own recollection of the beginning of his new theology. But he did so quite briefly, concentrating only on the notion of iustitia passiva. This is a proper term for the content of the reformatory insight, but Luther did not fully explain the spiritual and practical context. Therefore, one must imagine that the Reformatory Discovery came about through a longer process of theological reflection, including its biblical, conceptual, spiritual, and ecclesial consequences. It is significant that the conflict with the Roman Church came up exactly when Luther stressed the externality of God’s Word for establishing the inner status of humankind before God. The church can only be the medium, not the subject, of salvation. And the correspondence to God’s Word means quite simply faith, that is, the acceptance of being accepted by God. One must reckon here with a process that began with Luther’s first lectures in 1513 and came to an end by 1520. Luther’s “On the Freedom of a Christian” of 1520 clearly shows his reformatory discovery fully established.

10. The spread of bacterial infection, the problem of herd immunity Topley WWC, Wilson GS. J Hyg 1923; 21: 243–249

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (S1) ◽  
pp. S35-S36
Author(s):  
PAUL FINE
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Subject

This paper [1] is a milestone in the literature on infectious diseases. To put it in context, we recall that the late 19th century saw the construction of the germ theory, and its ultimate acceptance by the medical profession. The massive research effort led by Pasteur and Koch and their followers demonstrated a variety of infectious agents, catalogued their properties, and traced their pathogenesis in infected hosts. An understanding of the behaviour of infections in populations came only later, in the early 20th century, exemplified in the work of Ross on malaria [2], which was extrapolated to all infections in his ‘theory of happenings’ [3], and of Hamer on measles [4]. But there remained a tension between those who viewed infections from the perspective of the laboratory, with its emphasis upon biological properties, and those who viewed disease from the perspective of population statistics [5], which lent itself to more abstract and mathematical descriptions of epidemiological patterns. Fierce battles were waged between these disciplines, as between Almroth Wright and Karl Pearson on the subject of typhoid vaccination [6, 7].

scholarly journals The Omahu Affair, the Law of Succession and the Native Land Court

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 841
Author(s):  
Richard Boast
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Privy Council ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Native Land ◽  
Council Decision ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
Law Of Succession

This article discusses the Omahu affair, a prominent legal drama that took place in the late 19th century involving prominent Māori leaders from the Hawke’s Bay region. The case was the subject of numerous Native Land Court hearings, decisions of the ordinary courts, and ultimately a Privy Council decision in London. This article considers how tensions within the Māori community could drive cases in the Native Land Court, and explores the interconnections between that Court and the ordinary courts. It seeks to promote a more sophisticated view of the Court's role, particularly in the context of inter-Māori disputes, as well as of the complexities of legal and political affairs in 19th century New Zealand. The article also raises some questions relating to the role of elites in the Māori community, and the interconnections between Māori and European elites in 19th century New Zealand.

Thoughts on a Grave Stele From the Classical Period in Samsun Museum

Belleten ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 79 (286) ◽  
pp. 817-826
Author(s):  
Akın Temür
Keyword(s):  
Classical Period ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Greek Art ◽  
The Impact

Most of the grave steles observed in Greek art, even though they demonstrate specific typological characteristics depending on the region and the era, continue the tradition of Attica grave stele. Moreover, the impact of Ion sculpture schools is also observed clearly in Anatolia. The stele that is the subject of this study is one of the examples on which these impacts could be followed most clearly. In this context, the aim of this study is to date the stele by comparing it to the similar ones and based on the stylistic and typological examination of the figures on it.

Mr. Headlam's Theory of Greek Lyric Metre

1903 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 71-74
Author(s):  
Edward J. Dent
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Emotional Appeal ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Greek Art ◽  
The One

Greek music is the one branch of Greek art which makes no emotional appeal to us at the present day. The specimens which have come down to us are few in number, and with one exception belong to the post-classical period; yet these should be sufficient in quantity for us to form a judgment upon them. There are technical treatises, and the literature of the subject is by no means small. But the fact remains, that though musicians may have some idea of the position of Greek music in the historical development of musical technique, they are utterly unable to assign any aesthetic value to it. Mediaeval music, if it does not stir us profoundly, is to us at least as intelligible as the painting and sculpture of the same period. But to compare the sculptures of the Parthenon with what we know of Greek music seems ridiculous.

An Anglo-Saxon mystery

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Nash
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Subject

The Anglo-Saxon poem called Wulf and Eadwacer, a text so deeply embedded in ambiguity as to have achieved canonic status on that account alone, is the subject of this exercise, which reviews briefly the progress of interpretation from the late 19th century to the present time. It then considers methods of study, as orientated from the source-text, which begets translations, or, conversely from various translations leading back to the source. The pedagogic implications of ‘teaching a poem’ arise out of this discussion, which consequently questions the purpose and value of translation as an instructional and imaginative exercise.

As Unconscious and Gay as a Trout in a Stream?: Turning the Trope of the Australian Girl

2003 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-34
Author(s):  
Tanya Dalziell
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Romance Novels ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Subject

The instability of colonial representational economies, identities and tropes is the subject of analysis in this paper. I take as my starting point the anxieties that were generated during the late 19th century in relation to what I nominate the fictitiousness of settler subjects in colonial Australia. In order to examine these historical concerns and their explicitly gendered representations, I consider in detail one text, Rosa Campbell Praed's Fugitive Anne: A Romance of the Unexplored Bush (1902). This text was published in 1902 and was one of a number of romance novels this author produced for readerships in both colonial Australia and England. This adventure romance features the trope of the Australian Girl and also engages in varying degrees with discourses of colonial ethnography that, to my knowledge, have not been examined in relation to the ideological production and effects of this figure.

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